1. Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
Biology EOCT Review

2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Both are enclosed by an outer structure (cell membrane)
Both are filled with cytoplasm
Both contain ribosomes
All of which help the cells maintain homeostasis- a balanced internal environment
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus and organelles
All prokaryotes are unicellular and all bacteria are prokaryotes

3. Nucleus Directs and controls most cell activities
Enclosed by a nuclear membrane
Contains the DNA which stores genetic information
DNA is organized into condensed structures called chromosomes.
Prokaryotes do NOT have a nucleus. Their genetic material is located in one circular chromosome that floats in the cytoplasm.

4. Cell Membrane Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
Supports and shapes the cell
Controls what enters and leaves the cells (maintains homeostasis)
Made of a lipid bilayer

5. Ribosomes Scattered through the cytoplasm of a cell Make proteins
Not surrounded by membranes like other organelles

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Transports molecules from one part of the cells to another.
Rough ER: dotted with ribosomes and makes large amounts of proteins
Smooth ER: regulates some cells processes (breaks down toxic substances in liver cells)

7. Golgi Bodies
Modify and refine proteins and lipids according to where they will be used

8. Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration
Cells that need a lot of energy, such as muscle cells, have many more mitochondriia than cells with lower energy requirements

9. Lysosomes Carry out digestion in the cell
Use enzymes to digest organic compounds
Break down old organelles
Common in animals and fungi, rare in plant cells

10. Cell Wall Not found in animal cells
A rigid structure that surround the cell membrane of some cells giving them additional support
Found in bacteria, fungi, plants and some protists

11. Chloroplasts Not found in animal cells
Capture the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis
Found in plant cells and some protists

12. Vacuoles Small in animal cells, large and central in plant cells
Stores water and other dissolved materials
Pressure helps support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers in plants