1. The Ferment of Reform and Culture

2. Reviving Religion Deism Unitarians Reason rather than Revelation
Science
Unitarians
God existed in only 1 person
Goodness in human nature
Free will
Good works
Intellectuals

3. Cont. 2nd Great Awakening Converts Reorganized churches New sects
Evangelicalism
Prison Reform
Temperance / Women’s Movement
Abolish Slavery
Camp meetings / Revivals

4. Diversity “Burned –Over District”
Widened lines between classes and regions
Split over slavery
Methodists
Baptists

5. Desert Zion in Utah Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois Mormons
Antagonized rank and file Americans
Voting as a unit
Militia
Polygamy
Joseph Smith
1844 murdered

6. Cont. Brigham young 1846 -1847 Utah “This is the Place” 1848 = 5,000
Hand Carts
Irrigation
Theocracy / Cooperative Commonwealth
Statehood = 1896

8. Schools Public Education Stiff opposition Children of the poor
Lacking in the South
Tax Supported
1 room School house
8 grades
Open a few months a year
“Hickory Sticks”
3 R’s
Horace Mann
More / Better Schools
Longer school terms
Higher pay
Expanded curriculum
1860
100 public schools

9. Cont. Noah Webster = 1758 - 1843 “Schoolmaster of the Republic”
Reading lessons
Dictionary = 1828
William H. McGuffey = 1800 – 1873
Grade School readers
Morality, patriotism, and idealism

10. Higher Learning 1st state supported Universities = South
North Carolina = 1795
University of Virginia = 1819
Brainchild of Thomas Jefferson
Troy Female Seminary (N.Y.)
Emma Willard = 1787 – 1870
Oberlin College (Ohio)
Opened doors to women = 1837
Admitted African Americans
Mount Holyoke Seminary (MA)
Mary Lyon
Lyceum = Traveling lectures

11. Age of Reform Prison reform “Penitentiaries” Mentally Ill
Dorthea Dix –
Insanity / Asylums
Reform Campaigns
An escape for women
Industrial era
Imprisonment for debt
Capital offenses reduced

12. Temperance Drinking problem Attracted reformers
American Temperance Society
Boston = 1826
“Cold Water Army”
Picture / Pamphlets / Lecturers
Neal S. Dow = Maine
“Father of Prohibition”
Maine Law of 1851
Prohibiting manufacture / Sale

14. Women in Revolt Keepers of Society The home was the women’s place
Cult of domesticity = Republican Motherhood
Submissive to men
Property
Reformers Women’s Movement
Rights = Suffragists
Abolition
Temperance

15. Cont. Lucretia Mott Quaker Antislavery Convention = 1840
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Suffrage for women
Susan B. Anthony
Militant lecturer
Women’s rights
“Suzy B’s”

16. Cont. Elizabeth Blackwell 1st female graduate of a medical college
Grimke΄ Sisters (Sarah, Angelina)
Antislavery
Women’ Rights Convention at Seneca Falls = 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
“Declaration of Sentiments”
“All men and women are created equal”

17. Utopias Brook Farm = 1841 Massachusetts Shakers = 1747
Upstate N.Y.
Monastic customs
Brook Farm = 1841
Massachusetts
Transcendentalism
“Plain Living and High Thinking”
Oneida Community = 1848
New York
“Free Love”

18. Scientific Achievement
Practical gadgets rather than pure science
Jefferson = plow
Borrowing and adapting from Europeans
Benjamin Silliman = 1779 – 1864
Chemist, Geologist
Yale

19. Cont. Medicine Primitive Bleeding Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Malaria
Teeth
Self-prescribed medicines
Whisky
Quack docs
Life expectancy = 40 yrs.

20. Artistic Achievements
Greek Revival = 1820 – 1850
Arches / Large windows
Thomas Jefferson
Architect of Revolution
Monticello
University of Virginia

21. Cont. Daguerreotype = 1839 Photograph Minstrel Shows
Painters
Gilbert Stuart =
Portraits of Washington
After War of 1812 = Romantic mirrorings of local landscapes
Daguerreotype = 1839
Photograph
Minstrel Shows
White actors = blackened faces
“Dixie”

22. Literature Practical outlets Political essays The Federalist
Hamilton, Jay, Madison
Common Sense
Autobiography = 1818
Ben Franklin

23. Cont. William Cullen Bryant 1794 – 1878 Thanatopsis = poem
Washington Irving
1783 – 1859
1st to win international recognition
History of New York
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
James Fennimore Cooper
1st American novelist
Last of the Mohicans
William Cullen Bryant
1794 – 1878
Thanatopsis = poem
Made living by editing
N.Y. Evening Post
Set model for journalism

24. Transcendentalism Liberalizing Puritan theology
Truth, rather, “Transcends” the senses
Everyone possesses and inner light that can illuminate the highest truth
Put in direct contact with God
Self-reliance, Self-culture, Self-discipline
Bred hostility towards authority

25. Cont. Ralph Waldo Emerson = 1803 – 1882 “The American Scholar”
Declaration of Independence to American writers
Throw out European traditions
Self-improvement, self-reliance, self- confidence, optimism, and freedom
Critic of slavery
Supported Union cause

26. Cont. Henry David Thoreau = 1817 – 1862
Reduce bodily want to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation
Influenced Ghandi
Inspired Martin Luther King Jr.
Walt Whitman = 1819 – 1892
Leaves of Grass (1855)
Poems

27. Literary Lights John Greenleaf Whittier = 1807 – 1892 Quaker
Antislavery crusades
Inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance
Poet of human freedom
Louisa May Alcott = 1832 – 1888
Little Women

28. Literary Individualists & Dissenters
Edgar Allan Poe = 1809 – 1849
The Raven
Lyric poet
Horror / morbid
Nathaniel Hawthorne = 1804 – 1864
The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Adulteress

29. Cont. Herman Melville = 1819 – 1891 Moby Dick (1851)
Captain Ahab – great white whale = Moby Dick

30. Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft = 1800 – 1891
“Father of American History”
History of the United states to 1789
William H. Prescott = 1796 – 1859
Conquest of Mexico (1843) and Peru (1847)
Historians = New Englanders