1. Reconstruction

2. Presidential Reconstruction: , Johnson sought to return states to prewar status with only slavery abolished
Congressional Reconstruction: Radical reconstruction, Congress challenged Johnson in & continued through Grants two terms in1877
Redemption: (by its defenders) began 1876 with Hayes election, ended involvement with S. affairs

3. Lasting Impact of Civil War
11th Amendment: States’ sovereign immunity
12th Amendment: Procedure for electing President & Vice President
13th Amendment: Abolishes slavery
Harsh realities of modern war
South land & economy in shambles
Full emancipation
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

4. Plans for Reconstruction Clash
Rebuilding of the United States
How do you reunite the Union?
- What should be the political fate of the Confederate States?
How do you rebuilt the S. Economy?
-S. Share of nation’s wealth went form 30% to 12%
How do you extend citizenship to African Americans?
- 13th freed slaves but didn’t give them full citizenship

5. Freedmen’s Bureau
Provided social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to former slaves.

6. Black Codes in the South
Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans & keep them as landless workers
Limited occupations available
Some states prohibited form owning land
Vagrancy laws
Unemployed prison labor
Used violence & intimidation to enforce

7. Reconstruction Radical Republicans
Which plan was easiest for former Confederate states? Which was harshest?
Radical Republicans
Lead by Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Summer
South committed crimes, had to pay
Congress passed Wade-Davis Bill
1864, majority of states’ voters had to swear loyalty, guaranteed African American citizenship… Lincoln vetoed

8. April 14, 1865

9. Andrew Johnson
Like Lincoln, wanted to restore S. political status asap
No interest in former slaves rights
Pardons & land to confederates who swore allegiance
Each state ratify 13th
Resented wealthy planters
…had to write him a letter

10. Republican congress at odds with Johnson.

11. Congress’ attempt to overturn the Black Codes.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Congress’ attempt to overturn the Black Codes.
Created federal guarantees of civil rights
… Johnson vetoed
Johnson was defying Congress 1867, Congress impeaches him
Freedmen’s Bureau - Johnson vetoes
Civil Rights Bill - Johnson vetoes
14th Amendment - Johnson opposes
Johnson vetoes 28 bills, 15 overridden
Lost by 1 vote, Johnson promised to enforce Reconstruction Acts & did

12. 14th amendment: Guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens
1868, Republican former Union general Ulysses S. Grant elected President
His opponent won majority of the white vote
14th amendment: Guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens
15th amendment: Forbade any state from denying suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

14. Congressional Reconstruction
1870, all former Confederate states met requirements under Radical Reconstruction & rejoined the Union
Republicans dominated new state governments
About 1500 African American men took roles in Southern state and local governments
Millions were now voters
Loyalty oath  many white southerners couldn’t vote

15. Sharecropping Independent entrepreneurs got share of crop for labor
Incentive
Corruption

16. Scalawags & Carpetbaggers
Republicans attracted African American southerners & those who sought change
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
White Southerners who had been locked out of pre-Civil War politics by their wealthier neighbors, cooperated w/ freedmen & Northerners
Northerners who came to the South to improve their economic or political situations, or to help freedmen

17. Women & Reconstruction
Republicans did…not support women’s suffrage
Women found opportunities in medical facilities, orphanages & shaping the public school system
Right to vote?

18. Public schools grew slowly
End of 1870s, only about half of southern kids
$$$
Southerners opted for segregation
Separation of the races
Radical republicans wanted integration
Combining the schools
Tax supported public schools was major Reconstruction success

19. Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877 Tilden won popular vote
Corruption with electoral vote
Compromise of 1877
Federal troops removed from South
Officially ended Reconstruction
Lead to Redemption
Segregated South

20. Black Codes

21. Jim Crow Laws
Local laws enforcing racial segregation
Minstrel shows

22. Changes in South spark Violence
Economic competition
Resentment
The more progress African Americans made  the more hostile white southerners became
Ku Klux Klan
Formed in Tennessee, 1866
Burned homes, schools, churches
Beat, maimed, killed African Americans & their white allies
Aimed to scare freed people from voting
Focused on symbols of freedom (teachers, ministers, politicians, etc.) … unfortunately succeeded

23. Federal Response Racial violence grew in N & S
Congress passed Enforcement Acts
aka Ku Klux Klan Acts
1870 & 1871
Federal offence to interfere with citizen’s rights to vote
1872, Klan violence decreased because of federal use of legal action
…Hatred would flare up in the coming decades