1. Anatomy of the Eye: II histology and retinal landmarks
We will discuss retinal histology, the 10 layers of the retina, and how the retina functions
We will review the 6 key landmarks to recognize in examination of the retina

2. Ten layers of the retinal

4. How the retina functions
Light travels thru the retina and is captured by the photoreceptor cells, the “rods and cones.” The light impulse is then analyzed and interpreted by the other types of retinal nerve cells and converted into a “message” to send to the brain. The “message” is then transferred up to the Nerve Fiber Layer, at the surface of the retina. The NFL is the “wiring” that transfers the visual message from the retina to the brain. There are approximately 1 million nerve fibers that come together to form the Optic nerve, and travel without synapse into the substance of the brain.

5. Clinical relevance of the 10 retinal layers for the AIDS clinic
Nerve Fiber Layer (NFL)
Oriented horizontally - blood in the NFL has linear orientation
Layer 3-10
Oriented vertically & below (deeper to) retinal blood vessels - blood or lesions within these layers appear round
An infectious process that begins within these layers may initially appear slightly “yellow”
The Choroid is below the retina

6. Retinal landmarks optic disc Nerve fiber layer
Superior and inferior temporal vascular arcades
Fovea
Vortex veins / the equator of the eye
Choroidal markings seen thru the normal translucent retina

7. Landmark # 1: optic disc / optic nerve

8. Normal Optic Nerve or Optic Disc

9. 1. The nerve fiber layer is oriented horizontally
1. The nerve fiber layer is oriented horizontally. The other retinal layers are oriented vertically. 2. The nerve fiber layer comes together at the optic disc to form the optic nerve, an extremely “crowded intersection”

10. If the Nerve Fiber Layer (NFL) is lost, the “optic nerve” is reduced to only an “optic cup” with no “pink” neuro-retinal rim

11. Landmark # 2: Nerve fiber layer

12. SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE NERVE FIBER LAYER

13. Nerve Fiber Layer

14. An area of the nerve fiber layer where the myelin sheath congenitally remains, outlining the NFL

15. NERVE FIBER LAYER DEFECT

16. INFERIOR NERVE FIBER LAYER DEFECT CORRESPONDING TO AN AREA OF RETINAL NECROSIS (AND NOW SCARRING) FROM CMV RETINITIS

17. Landmark # 3: superior and inferior temporal vascular arcades

18. Superior temporal arcade
fovea
Optic nerve
Inferior temporal arcade

19. Landmark # 4: fovea

20. The fovea is slightly darker than the background retina.
It is temporal to optic disk by DD.
All fine vision or reading vision is from this area

21. The fovea is avascular

22. In people under about 40 years, the surface of the foveal depression acts as a “mirror” and focuses the light from the ophthalmoscope back, to a spot just above the retinal surface, seen as a bright spot of light - the “foveal light reflex.” If this reflex is present, the fovea is “normal” – the basic anatomy is intact

23. Landmark #5: vortex veins

24. A Vortex Vein part of the Choroidal circulation seen thru the translucent retina

25. vortex veins mark the “equator” of the eye the dividing line between “Zone 2” and “Zone 3” for CMV retinitis

26. Vortex veins look Bizarre think “mutant octopus”
Hard to read the text in this slide
about 7 per eye, at least one each quadrant.

27. The vortex veins divide Zone 2 from Zone 3
Zone 1: within 1500 microns (1DD) or the optic nerve, or 3000 microns (2DD) of the fovea
Zone 2: from Zone 1 to the equator (vortex veins)
Zone 3: from the equator to the ora serata (end of the retina)

28. Landmark # 6: Choroid / choroidal markings

29. Choroid The choroid is the network of blood vessels below the retina.
It has the highest blood flow/unit volume of any tissue in the body.
It acts as the “radiator” of the eye, diffusing the heat created by the light that is focused on the retina by the cornea and the lens.
It can be seen thru the translucent retina as the ribbon-like network of freely anastomosing channels

30. Normal Retina with normal choroidal markings visible through the translucent retina.

31. (also great example of vortex veins!)
Example of both retinal vessels and choroidal vessels (choroidal markings) easily visible
(A red-free photograph, that makes blood appear “black” is a patient with an extremely thin retina)
(also great example of vortex veins!)

33. TEST

34. Familiarity with retinal anatomy is critical for indirect ophthalmoscopy
Orientation is always confusing because the retinal image is upside down and backwards
Another way to imagine the view with the indirect ophthalmoscope: “rotated 180 degrees”
I’ve found it helpful to teach younger residents not to think of “upside down and backwards,” because it requires two mental steps, but to think instead of “rotated 180 degrees,” because it only requires one mental step

35. The solution for performing a perfect examination
Knowing landmarks !!!
Controlling and knowing the direction of the patient’s gaze
Always following a systematic scheme for conducting the examination