1. Baddely and Hitch (1974) theorised that STM must be made up of several components all of which are involved in processes other than simple storage.

2. Baddely and Hitch therefore developed the Working Memory Model (another name for STM)

3. What is Working Memory?
Short-Term Memory (ONLY) - it is a workspace where a variety of operations (auditory and visual) can be carried out.

4. Baddely and Hitch saw Working Memory functioning in the following ways:
The Central Executive:
Is a supervisory component (the slave driver). It has overall control of working memory.
Capacity: limited, but processes information from any sensory system (vision, hearing, touch, taste or smell).
Responsibilities:
Monitors information coming in from different sources
Decides what to pay attention to
Allocates tasks to the slave systems
Essentially, it is in charge of attention and directs information to its ‘slave components’.
It is the most important and most flexible component of working memory.

5. Slave system 1: Phonological Loop
The ‘inner voice’ – it deals with auditory information (what you hear).
Consists of a phonological store which holds words that are heard.
And an ‘articulatory loop’ which allows maintenance rehearsal (i.e. repeating words in your head – your ‘inner voice’).
Capacity of Articulatory Loop: 2 seconds worth of what you can say
Think of when a friend is saying something and you are waiting to speak. Your articulatory loop will be rehearsing the first part of the sentence.

6. Evidence for the phonological loop and articulatory process
Remember the following and write them down in your jotter:

7. Some Bond Harm Yield Hate

9. Association Considerable Representative Individual Suspicious

11. Twice Worst Wit Dog Fair

13. Opportunity Immediately Organisation University Miserable

15. Which did you perform better on - the red or the black words?
Some
Bond
Harm
Yield
Hate
Association
Considerable
Representative
Individual
Suspicious
Twice
Worst
Wit
Dog
Fair
Opportunity
Immediately
Organisation
University
Miserable
Which did you perform better on - the red or the black words?

16. Word- length effect
The capacity of the phonological loop is determined by the length of time it takes to say the words. If the word is polysyllabic (more than one syllable), it is harder to remember.
This makes it hard to remember (store) a list of long words such as ‘association’ and ‘representative’ because the rehearsal of the word takes longer than 2 seconds.

17. Word-length effect:
Central Executive
Capacity:
Responsibilities:
Phonological store/articulatory loop:
The phonological loop
The visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic Buffer
Visual cache:
Inner scribe:
What is dual-task performance?

18. Slave system 2: The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VSS)
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad stores visual information for when it is required – sometimes referred to as ‘the inner eye’. It holds visual and spatial information.
It has 2 subsystems: the visual cache – stores visual data (things that you see).
The inner scribe: records the arrangement of objects in the visual field (where they are).

19. In your jotter, using arrows draw your journey from home to school
In your jotter, using arrows draw your journey from home to school. Whilst doing so, recite ‘twinkle, twinkle little star’

20. Visuo-spatial sketch pad
You were able to do this because you were using different components of your working memory:
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad

21. Now, using arrows draw your journey from home to school, but whilst doing so, describe the journey backwards.

22. Why was this difficult?
You were trying to use your inner scribe (organising the journey with arrows) at the same time as your visual cache (stored visual data i.e. how to get from college to home, backwards). This shows that capacity of the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad is limited as it cannot deal with two tasks at the same time.

23. Dual Task Performance Baddely and Hitch state that people can perform two tasks at the same time as long as the tasks use different components of the working memory system. However, if they are using the same parts of the same component, processing will slow down.

24. Think of a memory you have.
Consider: What sounds there were What you could see Where the people/objects were What was said All of these will have been dealt with by different parts of working memory. As they are all separate and dealt with separately, how do they form a memory?

25. Episodic Buffer – added to the model by Baddely in 2000
The central executive, phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad have very limited capacity. In order to start to form a memory, the episodic buffer will process the information from all of these components and integrate it (put it all together). It links working memory to LTM.

26. Find someone who knows:
What the phonological loop is
What the visual cache is
Two responsibilities of the central executive
What will happen to processing when two components of the working memory are used simultaneously
What working memory is
What the word-length effect is
Who came up with the working memory model and in which year
What the inner scribe is

27. What the phonological loop is What the visual cache is
Two responsibilities of the central executive
What will happen to processing when two components of the working memory are used simultaneously
What working memory is
What the word-length effect is
Who came up with the working memory model and in which year
What the inner scribe is