1. The Duel for North America Chapter 6
Michael Perreault
AP US History
Gloucester High School

2. France: Late to the Party
The French was late to the party, convulsed by foreign wars and domestic strife
Involved in clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots
,000+ Huguenot men, women, and children were butchered
1598 Edict of Nantes granted limited toleration to French Protestants
King Louis XIV (reigned for 72 years) took deep interst in colonies

3. French in Canada 1608 Quebec, de Champlain “Father of New France”
Friendly relations with Huron Indians
Treaty with Hurons against Iroquois (Upper NY State)
Government falls under direct control of King, no representation, no Trial by jury
Population growth was slow 1750s 6,000 whites
Landowning French peasants had little motivation to move, Huguenots denied refuge
French government more interested in Caribbean

4. Trappers and Indians
Valuable resource: Beaver (Fasion: beaver pelt heats)
Trappers or Coureurs de bois lived with risk
Recruited Indians into fur trade canoes, later decimated by disease and alcohol
Slaughter of beaver violated manys’ religious beliefs
Missionaries attempted to save Indians from trappers and for Christ some tortured
Converted few but were vital as explorers and geographers

5. French Explorers Cadillac founded Detroit “The City of Straits
1682 La Salle floats down Mississippi naming the interior basin Louisiana did not get to the delta instead landed in Spanish Texas in 1687 (murdered)
French build forts along Mississippi River in the Illinois area and in 1718 New Orleans

6. North America 1700

7. Forts
of the
Colonies

8. Clashes Begin
King William’s War Queen Anne’s War British colonists vs. French Beaver trappers, fighting in New York and Mass
France and Spain allied against Britain
Peace terms: Britain gets Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay which controls the St. Laurence dooming the French settlements
Wins limited trading rights in Spanish America

9. Colonies Benefiting
British policy of Salutary neglect allows colonial independence to take root
Smuggling begins in Spanish America leading to the War of Jenkin’s Ear 1739, fighting in Caribbean and Florida Georgia border
Led to larger War of Austrian Succession called King George’s War in colonies
French attempt to reclaim Nova Scotia, fail
Still cling to their vast holdings

10. North America 1713

11. George Washington vs. French
Ohio Valley major issue between French (necessary to link Canada and Mississippi Valley) and British (critical area for Westward expansion)
Britain determined to fight for security and domination
French building chain of forts on Ohio River Fort Duquesne key
1754 Washington dispatched to Ohio Valley, encounters French 40 miles from fort, kill captain, French return surround Washington’s troops, after 10 hour seige, forced to surrender
Allowed to return home with honor
British brutally uproot French Acadians and scatter them

12. Global Wars include the Colonies
French and Indian War became a global war starting in America but spread to Europe, West Indies, Africa Philippines and the oceans
Due to size, Britain had need to coordinate, summoned intercolonial congress at Albany, NY (Albany Congress)
Immediate purpose, control Iroquois tribes loyal to Britain
Long-range: achieve greater colonial unity and bolster common defence against French

13. Ben Franklin at Albany
Published “Join or Die” cartoon, advocated colonial unity/home rule
Unanimously adopted but spurned by individuals and London
Colonists: not enough Independence
London: too much
Franklin: all agreed on the need for union, but got distracted by the details

14. British Braddock Blunders
General Edward Braddock led strong force of regulars
1775 set out for Fort Duquesne with 2,000 met by smaller French/Indian army
During battle Washington had 2 horses shot out from under him and four bullet holes in his coat, Braddock fatally wounded
Easy victory inspires Indians into wider war path PA-NC
Washington and 300 men tried to defend the frontier to no avail

15. Pitt Rises Above His Name
William Pitt, outstanding leader, known as “Great Commoner”
1757 became foremost leader in London’s gov.
Played down West Indies assaults -- concentrated on the Quebec-Montreal area
Picked young, energetic leaders
1758 Louisbourg falls under large force
1759 Quebec falls
1760 Montreal falls, France loses Canada

16. Global Nature of French and Indian War

17. Paris Peace Accords 1763 French surrender holdings in North America
Though receive two islets in Gulf of St. Laurence for fishing stations
Cede to Spain Louisiana territory as well as New Orleans
Maintain West Indies Isles (sugar)
Great Britain emerged as dominant power in North America

18. North America 1763

19. Impact on the Colonies
Increased confidence in their “military prowess”
Shattered the myth of British invincibility
British refused to grant any colonial milia a rank above captain, demoting Washington from Colonel, angering colonists
Britain distressed by lack of colonial support for defense
Some colonies refused to refused to send troops or money, too far away, didn’t affect them

20. Colonies to Unity Unity began to gain support during war
War brought colonists together for first time, discovered they were more similar, including shared language and common ideals
Beginnings of a national identity

21. Indian Allies
Spanish removal from Florida and French from Canada left the Indians with no allies
Pontiac’s Uprising Ottawa chief Pontiac lay siege to Detroit in spring of 1763, capturing all but three forts and killing 2,000 soldiers and settlers
British respond with brutality and biological warfare
Pontiac perished at the hands of a rival chief
Colonists now free to head west across Appalachian Mountains
Proclamation of 1763 London government flatty bans settlement beyond Appalachians