1. Minerals Composition and Physical and Chemical Properties

2. Mineral Composition • Minerals are made of elements
•   Elements are made up of atoms
•  Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are invisible
Atoms are organized on the Periodic Table of Elements

3. Atoms They contain 3 parts… Protons Neutrons Electrons
Found in the nucleus
Positive charge
Neutrons
Charge of 0
Electrons
Orbits the nucleus
Negative charge

4. Element A substance in which all of the atoms are the same.
The 6 most common elements on the earth are
P Phosphorus
C Carbon
H Hydrogen
O Oxygen
N Nitrogen
S Sulfur
A compound is a substance in which there are 2 or more types of atoms.

5. Periodic Table Where elements are arranged
Atomic number
Number of protons
Element abbreviation
Atomic mass
Number of protons + number of neutrons

6. Symbols to know • Aluminum - Al • Calcium - Ca • Argon- Ar
•      Carbon - C
•      Chlorine - Cl
•      Copper - Cu
•      Helium - He
•      Hydrogen - H
•      Iron - Fe
•      Lead – Pb
•      Gold- Au
•      Argon- Ar
•      Magnesium - Mg
•      Mercury - Hg
•      Nitrogen - N
•      Oxygen - O
•      Potassium - K
•      Silicon - Si
•      Sodium - Na
•      Sulfur - S
•      Uranium – U
Silver- Ag

7. Periodic Table Information
Each element is made of all the same kind of atom
Elements can combine together of form compounds which have a definite chemical formula
Which elements combine depend on the electron configuration.
Substances can combine to form mixtures.

8. Connection to Minerals
Minerals are made up of a single element or a compound.
Since compounds are combinations of elements, it is important to know how and why elements combine.
The properties of minerals are due to the internal structure of the atoms. 
Otherwise known as their crystal arrangement.

9. What are minerals? Minerals are aggregates of rocks.
This means many different minerals make up rocks.
Characteristics of minerals
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Solids
They have a specific chemical make-up
Have a crystalline internal structure

10. Mineral Formation Minerals are formed in two different ways
Cooling of magma - This is the most common. The slower the rate of cooling the larger the crystal.
Evaporation of water
- As it evaporates the water leaves the mineral behind.

11. Uses of minerals Copper is used for wiring Gold is used for jewelry
Talc is used for baby powder
Quartz is used for glass
Limestone can be processed to make concrete
Gems are brighter and more colorful than common minerals. This makes them rare and highly prized.
Ores are minerals that contain useful substances that can be mined for profit. A common example is bauxite which is turned into aluminum.

12. Properties of Minerals Mineral Identification
Physical and Chemical
Over 3000 different minerals exist, but only 50 are common. These minerals are identified using 6 basic characteristics.

13. Hardness The measure of resistance to abrasion.
Hardness is measured on a scale called Mohs Hardness scale.
Talc is the softest mineral.
Diamond is the hardest mineral
Quartz is that hardest common mineral.

14. Color
Color is not always the best characteristic to identify a mineral with.
This is because a mineral can have many different colors due to irregularities.

15. Streak The color of the mineral in powder form.
This can be determined by using a scratching plate.
Metallic minerals leave a dark streak.

16. Luster
The appearance or quality of light reflected from a minerals surface.
The luster can be metallic or nonmetallic.
If a mineral is nonmetallic it can have vitreous, pearly, resinous or earthy lusters.

17. Cleavage
The tendency of a mineral to break along planes where weak bonding occur.
Mica has excellent cleavage.
It breaks into thin sheets

18. Fracture The mineral exhibits no cleavage.
Fracture is a type of break where uneven jagged surfaces are produced.
If a mineral breaks in smooth curved surfaces it has conchoidal fracture.

19. Unique properties of minerals
Effervescence
When dilute HCL acid is dropped on a mineral it begins to bubble. This identifies the presence of Calcium Carbonate.
Florescence
The mineral glows when you put it under UV light (blacklight)
Magnetism
The mineral exhibits magnetic properties.

20. Halite
Halite tastes like salt.

21. Graphite
Graphite has a greasy feel.

22. Magnetite
Magnetite is magnetic.

23. Calcite Calcite exhibits double refraction.
This means if you put calcite on your writing you can see it twice.

24. Mineral Groups
4000 minerals make up the Earth’s crust, but 98% of the crust is made up of only 8 elements.
Most rock forming minerals are silicates.
Silicates are minerals that contain silicon and oxygen and usually one or two more elements.
Other minerals are classified by their composition. Examples include carbonates, oxides, and halides.