1. Bell Work Complete Chapter 14 section 5 questions.
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2. Note taking tips Don’t use “the” L.A. – Latin American
N.A. – Native American
A.A. – African American
Gov’t – Government
Mtns. - Mountains

3. Latin American Independence

5. Ruling the Colonies
Spain & Portugal thought their Lat. Amer. colonies existed to increase their home countries’ wealth.
Mexico, Peru, and Brazil were known for:
Gold
Silver
Exotic woods
Mahogany
Ebony

6. Ruling the Colonies
Farming was another major source of colonial income: (CASH CROPS)
Corn
Sugar
Cocoa
African slaves worked the farms after Native Americans died from forced labor and diseases.
Spain and Portugal brought Catholicism.

7. Ruling the Colonies
Priests and monks converted many Native Amer. to Christianity.
The Catholic Church became wealthy
Over time, colonists resented:
trade restrictions
high taxes
rigid colonial social structure

8. Rigid Social Order Peninsulares – Colonial leaders.
born in Spain or Portugal (top level of social order)
Creoles – Colonial-born elite.
controlled land and business in the colonies
Native Amer.’s, African Amer.’s, and mestizos – L.A.’s of mixed Native American and European ancestry
Bottom of the social pyramid

9. Mestizos, African Amer., Native Amer.
Social Pyramid
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos, African Amer., Native Amer.

10. Growing Discontent
1800s – L.A.’s began to challenge the rigid social order and controls w/ revolts.
Creoles played the largest leadership roles in these conflicts.

11. Uprising in Haiti
1st successful uprising in the L.A. colonies was in Haiti. (French Colony)
On the island of Hispaniola
Their sugar and coffee plantations were owned by the French.
560,000 people lived in Haiti in the late 1700s
Over 500,000 were enslaved

12. Uprising in Haiti
1790s – African slaves led by a former slave named François Toussaint-Louverture revolted.
Toussaint-Louverture – captured and imprisoned in France, where he died in 1803.
A wave of Yellow Fever helped the rebel army defeat the French.
1804, Haiti proclaimed its independence!

13. Mexico Struggles for Freedom
Early uprisings against Spain occurred in Mexico. (New Spain)
1810, a Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo led the fight against the Spanish gov’t.
1811, he was captured and executed.
Another priest, José María Morelos, took charge after Hidalgo died.

14. Mexico Struggles for Freedom
Morelos’s forces were defeated in 1815.
Morelos was executed
1821, a liberal revolt in Spain threatened to overthrow the monarchy and establish a constitution.
Fearing change, Mexican creoles declared independence from Spain under army officer Agustín de Iturbide.

15. Mexico Struggles for Freedom
1823, Mexican people removed Iturbide and declared Mexico a republic.
Central Amer. provinces in New Spain also declared their independence.
1830s, region was divided:
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua

16. Spanish South Amer.
1808, Creoles in South Amer. pushed for independence.
Simón Bolívar aka “the Liberator”
led many colonies to independence.
After ~ 9 years of fighting, Bolívar crushed Spanish in northern South Amer. at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819

17. Spanish South Amer.
Bolívar’s forces won freedom for the present-day countries:
Venezuela
Colombia
Panama
Bolivia
Ecuador
Revolutionary leader, José de San Martín of Argentina, led L.A. armies over the Andes Mtns. and into Chile.
He joined Bernardo O’Higgins.

18. Spanish South Amer.
1818, their forces achieved independence for Chile.
San Martín then left to free Peru in 1820
1822, San Martín withdrew from the revolt.
By 1826 Bolívar and his armies had liberated all of South Amer.

19. Brazil Gains Independence
1808, Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal.
caused royal family to flee to Brazil.
King João transferred his monarchy to Brazil.
declared Rio de Janeiro capital of the Portuguese Empire.
Brazil moved toward independence w/ João’s reforms.
1815, João made Brazil a self-governing kingdom w/in the Portuguese Empire.

20. Brazil Gains Independence
1820, João returned to Portugal to fight the recolonization of Brazil.
left Brazil in the hands of his son, Dom Pedro.
Portuguese gov’t demanded Dom Pedro abandon rule and return to Portugal.
Dom Pedro defied Portuguese leaders.
Called for a constitutional convention

21. Brazil Gains Independence
1822, Brazil won full independence from Portugal.
Dom Pedro was crowned Emperor Pedro I of Brazil
Brazil – the only independent country in South Amer. to choose a constitutional monarchy as its gov’t.
1825, Portugal finally recognized Brazil’s independence.

22. Common Problems Challenges of unity:
High mountains
thick jungles
made transportation and communication difficult, hindering trade and economic growth.
L.A.’s did not know how to govern themselves.

23. Common Problems
L.A.’s had well-educated leaders, but had no legislative experience.
Catholicism – official religion.
Church and Gov’t closely tied.
The new countries also maintained separation between upper and lower classes.

24. Continuing Political Conflicts
Liberals called for:
separation of Church and state
the breakup of large estates
higher taxes on land
public social services
civilian control of the gov’t
Conservatives favored:
strong central gov’t
powerful Church and army.

25. Continuing Political Conflicts
In theory many South Amer. gov’ts were republics.
In reality many were military dictatorships.
Today, there is still a big gap between the ruling rich and the underprivileged poor in L.A.