1. 10.1-The Function of Digestion SBI 3U1
Macromolecules and vitamnins

2. Tissue: a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function.
There are four main types of tissue: Epithelial
2. Muscle
3. Nervous
4. Connective

3. How many organ systems can you name????? Hint: There are 11 systems
Recall: The Organization of Animal Systems from Smallest –to Largest Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organs Systems
How many organ systems can you name????? Hint: There are 11 systems

4. Organ Systems

5. Organ Systems Cont’d

6. 3 Main Fluid Compartments in the Body
Your body is made up of over 60 % water. Water is found in the following areas of your body:
1) Cytoplasm inside the cell
Fluid between the cells ( interstitial fluid)
Fluid in the blood

7. Nutrients Nutrients are divided into 2 groups:
Macronutrients ( Organic)
produced by living organisms
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
contain C , H and O
Micronutrients (Inorganic)
comes from rocks, soil and the sea
Minerals, vitamins

8. Macromolecules/Macronutrients
Large, complex molecules
The raw materials the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular functions.
They contain essential nutrients- nutrients that must be obtained from food
They fuel the body’s metabolism–all the chemical processes carried out by cells.
There are 4 types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

9. 1) Carbohydrates
Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen (Ratio : 2 : 1)
Provides short-term or long-term energy storage for organisms
2 main types: simple sugars & polysaccharides
Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)

10. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars
Do not need to be broken down.
Used directly  quick energy
Examples:
glucose (the sugar in blood)
fructose (the sugar in fruit)
Types of Carbohydrates

11. Types of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides: 2 simple sugars
Must be broken down to obtain energy.
Examples:
sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (the sugar in dairy products)

12. Types of Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates
Must be broken down to obtain energy.
Examples:
starch (energy storage in plants)
Cellulose ( found in cell wall of plants)
glycogen (made of glucose sub units)

13. What are some sources of carbohydrates?
Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice and bread.
When large amounts of carbohydrates are consumed they are stored as glycogen in the liver and converted into fat.

14. 2)Lipids Insoluble in water Made up of : glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Examples: fat, butter lard, oil
Used in Energy Storage
stores 2.25X more energy per gram than other biological molecules

15. Lipids Cont’d Examples: phospholipids Form the cell membrane
Separate cellular contents external environment.

16. 3)Proteins The body has a variety of proteins
Differ in shape, function and size.
They are built from amino acid sub-units and joined by peptide bonds
A.k.a. polypeptides
Examples: enzymes, antibodies

17. 4) Nucleic Acids
Promotes direct growth and development of all organisms
Composed of:
5 Carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C)
Examples: DNA and RNA

18. Breaking down of Macromolecules: Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis - a chemical reaction in which water breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules.
*Note: Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids all need to be broken down by hydrolysis before the body can use them.

20. Breaking down Macromolecules: Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions such as hydrolysis A large number of digestive enzymes are used during digestion to help speed up the rate in which food is broken down in your body.

21. Types of Digestive Enzymes
See pg. 404 in your text

22. Micronutrients Examples: Vitamins and minerals
Micronutrients must be taken in small amounts to be part of a balanced diet

23. Minerals Mineral Key function in the body Possible Sources Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Copy this chart on pg. 405 using your textbook

24. Vitamins Vitamin Key function in the body Possible Sources
A (carotene)
B1 (thiamine)
C (ascorbic acid) D E
Copy this chart on pg. 405 using your textbook

25. The importance of Water in the body
Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cell
Flushing toxins from cells
Lubricating tissues and joints
Forming essential body fluids
(ie. blood and mucus)
Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
Eliminating waste materials (urine & sweat)

27. The Four Stages of Food Processing
Ingestion: the taking in or eating of food
Digestion: the breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells to absorb
Absorption: the transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body
Elimination: the removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body

29. The Digestive Tract in Different Organisms
Think-Pair-Share: Why do herbivores and omnivores usually have longer digestive tracts than carnivores?

30. The Digestive Tract of the Earthworm
Alimentary canal- Long open tube/ digestive tract. It starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Common to all organisms
The earthworm has a very simple digestive tract- unlike humans
The earthworm has a simple digestive tract. Decaying plant and animal matter in the soil provides the earthworm with nutrients. Undigested materials pass through the tract and are eliminated through the anus as worm castings.

31. The Human Digestive Tract

32. Homework: Read and make notes 10.1
Copy the following charts into your notebook- pg.403, 404, 405,
Complete pg. 406 #1-6