1. Chapter 10
A Changing nation
Section 1 Building a National Identity

2. Objectives
Describe the feeling of national unity that followed the War of 1812.
Explain how Congress tried to strengthen the national economy.
Discuss how Supreme Court rulings supported federal power and economic growth.

3. Terms and People
Henry Clay – Kentucky Congressman who favored federal action to improve the economy
John C. Calhoun – South Carolina Congressman who opposed high tariffs
Daniel Webster – Massachusetts Congressman who aligned with Clay and Calhoun
charter – a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

4. Terms and People (continued)
dumping – selling goods in another country below market prices
contract – an agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced by law
capitalism – the economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market
interstate commerce – trade between two or more states

5. How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings?
President Monroe’s term in office is known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
During this era, the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court all acted to increase federal authority.

6. The Federalist Party lost power.
Republican James Monroe won a landslide victory in the 1816 presidential election.
The Federalist Party lost power.
Within a few years, it disappeared completely.

7. Monroe promoted national unity.
President Monroe’s two terms in office became known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
The old arguments of the War of 1812 seemed to fade away.
He ran unopposed for re-election in 1820.

8. After 1815, many Americans believed the government should take action to improve the economy.
Three influential Congressmen favored federal action.

9. Clay spoke for the West. He argued for better roads and canals to transport goods.
Calhoun spoke for the South. He opposed high tariffs because they raised the price of goods.
Webster spoke for the Northeast. He supported high tariffs as a way of protecting industry.

10. In 1811, the charter of the first Bank of the United States ran out.
The bank closed.
State banks made too many loans.
Spending increased and prices rose.
The economy suffered.
The second Bank of the United States was created in This boosted the economy.

11. The Embargo Act kept British goods out of the U.S.
Another problem the U.S. faced after the War of 1812 was foreign competition.
Before the War
After the War
The Embargo Act kept British goods out of the U.S.
British manufacturers looked to sell their goods in the U.S.
This helped American industry grow rapidly.
This caused the American economy to suffer.

12. The British began dumping their goods into the American market.
Many New England businesses failed.
Britain produced goods more cheaply than did the U.S.
Factory owners asked Congress for protection.

13. Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, which put a tax on many foreign products.
Tariffs helped Northern factories compete.
Many Northerners supported tariffs.
Tariffs forced southerners to pay more for goods.
Most Southerners opposed high tariffs.

14. By increasing the cost of imported goods, tariffs helped U. S
By increasing the cost of imported goods, tariffs helped U.S. manufacturers compete with foreign manufacturers.
But the higher prices hurt consumers.

15. Henry Clay argued that high tariffs would benefit the entire country.
Region
Benefits of Tariffs
North
Wealth for manufacturers
South and West
Northern manufacturers could afford to buy their farm products
Government could use revenue to improve infrastructure
Clay’s plan, called the American System, was never fully put into practice.

16. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Supreme Court also promoted economic growth and federal power during this era.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The state of Maryland tried to tax its branch of the federal Bank.
The court ruled that states had no power to interfere with federal institutions.

17. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
The court ruled that the college’s charter was a private contract.
The state of NH could not change the college’s contract.
This ruling helped promote capitalism.

18. Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The court prevented New York State from regulating travel on the Hudson River.
The Hudson flows through two states. Travel on the river is interstate commerce.
Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.

19. After Gibbons v. Ogden, no state could grant a monopoly to a steamboat company to use a river that divides two states.
This ruling strengthened the power of the federal government.

20. Objectives Explain why Spain ceded Florida to the United States.
Describe how Spanish territories in the Americas gained independence.
Explain why the Monroe Doctrine was issued.
Discuss how Canada became self-governing.

21. Terms and People cede – to give up
Miguel Hidalgo – priest who organized an army of Native Americans that freed several Mexican provinces
Simón Bolívar – leader in South America’s struggle for independence from Spain
James Monroe – President of the United States from 1816 to 1824

22. Terms and People (continued)
John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under President Monroe
self-government – the right of people to rule themselves independently

23. How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect a new national confidence?
When members of Spanish and English colonies began to rebel, European countries ultimately failed to regain their power in the region.
President James Monroe stated that the United States firmly opposed European influence in the Americas.

24. In the early 1800s, Spain controlled a vast amount of territory in the Americas.
However, Spain’s control in Florida was weak.

25. Together, they would often raid American settlements.
Fugitive slaves could easily cross from southern plantations into Florida and join the Seminole Nation.
Southern plantations
Fugitive slaves
Together, they would often raid American settlements.
Florida
Seminoles

26. Spain ceded Florida to the United States.
In 1817, the U.S. sent Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves that had escaped to Florida.
Jackson went beyond his orders and seized two Spanish towns.
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Spain ceded Florida to the United States.
Spain could not protect Florida, so it decided to give up the territory.

27. They were inspired by the revolutions in America and France.
Spain’s colonies in Latin America wanted independence.
They were inspired by the revolutions in America and France.

28. Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an army that freed several provinces.
Mexico led the way in 1810.
Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an army that freed several provinces.
Another revolution broke out in Spain could not end the fighting.
Mexico became an independent monarchy in 1821, and by 1823 it became a federal republic.

29. Today, this region includes:
In South America, Simón Bolívar led several independence movements.
In 1819, he defeated the Spanish in Columbia.
Today, this region includes:
Venezuela
Columbia
Ecuador
Panama
He became president of the Republic of Great Columbia.

30. Other colonies followed
Other colonies followed. By 1825, most parts of Latin America had thrown off European rule.
This led to the creation of many new Latin American countries.

31. The United States wanted to protect trade with Latin America.
The future of these new countries was soon clouded.
France, Russia, and others indicated they might help Spain regain its colonies.
The United States wanted to protect trade with Latin America.

32. President James Monroe
Britain agreed with the U.S. and wanted to issue a joint statement.
President James Monroe
President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams did not want the U.S. to look like Britain’s junior partner.
President Monroe decided to issue a statement.

33. In 1823, Monroe stated the Monroe Doctrine.
The U.S. would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with Latin American nations.

34. At first, the United States relied on Britain’s navy to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
As U.S. power grew, the Monroe Doctrine boosted U.S. influence in Latin America.
Americans were relieved that their southern borders were secure from European powers.

35. Canada was also a British colony
Canada was also a British colony. In 1791, it was divided into two parts.
In 1837, both parts rebelled against British rule.
Upper Canada
Canada
Britain ended the rebellions and unified the two parts in 1841.
Lower Canada
Canadians also received more powers of self-government.

36. Eventually, the U.S. and Canada established excellent relations.
Tension between the U.S. and Canada was high after the War of 1812.
The U.S. and Britain settled border disputes with Canada from 1818 to 1846.
Eventually, the U.S. and Canada established excellent relations.
Their relations remain strong to this day.

37. Objectives
Discuss the conflict between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams over the election of
Explain how the right to vote expanded in the United States.
Describe Andrew Jackson’s victory in the election of 1828.

38. Terms and People
Andrew Jackson – President of the United States from 1829 to 1837
suffrage – the right to vote
caucus – a meeting of members of a political party
nominating convention – large meetings of party delegates to choose candidates for office
spoils system – the practice of rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters of the party that wins an election

39. How did the people gain more power during the Age of Jackson?
Andrew Jackson’s presidency inspired a more democratic spirit in America.
The twenty years after he became President are known as The Age of Jackson.

40. Jackson’s life story inspired many Americans.
Early Life
Military Career
Presidency
He began life with very little and became an orphan at age 14.
He earned the nickname “Old Hickory” for his strong leadership.
He proved that ordinary people could serve in government.

41. Jackson first ran for President in 1824, against three opponents.
Andrew Jackson
Jackson received more votes than any other candidate, but he did not win enough electoral votes to become president.
William H. Crawford
Henry Clay
According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives would declare the winner.
John Quincy Adams

42. Henry Clay had great influence as Speaker of the House.
The House had to choose between Jackson and Adams, the top two candidates.
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay had great influence as Speaker of the House.
William H. Crawford
Henry Clay
Clay convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams. Jackson was furious.
John Quincy Adams

43. Adams had high ambitions, but he accomplished little as President.
He planned to improve infrastructure, raise tariffs, and set up a national university.
Congress did not approve his programs.
Most Americans did not trust him.
Adams served only one term.

44. In the 1790s, states began expanding suffrage.
By 1824, almost all adult white males could vote and hold office.
However, women and African Americans, both free and enslaved, were still excluded from voting.

45. The Age of Jackson saw the first stirrings of democracy in action in the United States.
More men could and did vote.
Many also joined political parties and worked on election campaigns.

46. Extending the right to vote was part of a larger spread of democratic ideas.
The wealthy should not have special privileges.
Ordinary people should vote and hold office.
Do not trust the government and banks, because they favor the rich.

47. The Age of Jackson brought back the two-party system
The Age of Jackson brought back the two-party system. By 1836, new political parties had formed.
Democrats
Whigs
Split from the Republicans in 1831
Formerly called National Republicans
Supported Jackson
Opposed Jackson
These were the two major political parties until 1852.

48. The new parties adopted new ways of choosing their presidential candidates.
Previously, a party’s members in Congress held a small caucus.
After 1831, parties held large national nominating conventions.
The new process was open to many more people, making it more democratic.

49. The election of 1828 revealed growing divisions among American voters.
Adams was popular in New England.
Jackson did best among small businesspeople and farmers.
Most new voters chose Jackson, and he easily defeated Adams. Jackson’s supporters called the election a victory for the “common man.”

50. Twenty-thousand people attended Jackson’s inauguration in 1829.
Some people in the crowd became rowdy and broke furniture and dishes.
A judge complained that the crowd had turned into a mob.

51. Jackson replaced some government officials with his supporters, which was a common practice.
A Jackson supporter declared, “to the victors belong the spoils.”
The practice quickly became known as the spoils system.
Jackson argued that putting new people in government furthered democracy.

52. Objectives Describe the culture of Native Americans in the Southeast.
Describe the conflict over land occupied by Native Americans in the Southeast.
Discuss the forced removal of Native Americans.

53. Terms and People
Sequoyah – Cherokee leader and creator of the Cherokee alphabet

54. Why did Jackson use force to remove Indians from the Southeast?
Beginning with President Jefferson, there had been attempts to move Native Americans westward.
Jefferson hoped Native Americans would move voluntarily.

55. After the War of 1812, Native Americans in the “old” Northwest gave up their lands and moved west of the Mississippi River.
However, the Native Americans living in the Southeast refused to move.

56. To government leaders, the tribes of the Southeast stood in the way of westward expansion.
Fertile farmland
tribes
American settlement
By the 1820s, many southerners were demanding that the government move the tribes by force.

57. The pressure on Native Americans grew.
1825
1827
1828
President Monroe created a plan to move all Native Americans west, but it failed.
The state of Georgia forced the Creeks to give up most of their land.
Georgia tried to force the Cherokees to give up their lands.

58. Georgia’s actions were challenged in two Supreme Court cases.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
The Federal Government could not stop Georgia from enforcing their laws.
Worcester v. Georgia
However, Georgia’s laws “can have no force” in Cherokee territory.

59. Treaties between the United States and the Native Americans
In Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall quoted treaties signed by the United States.
The treaties granted territory to the Native Americans.
Treaties between the United States and the Native Americans
Georgia’s laws
Marshall said that Georgia did not have the right to revoke treaties made between two sovereign nations.

60. President Jackson opposed the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v
President Jackson opposed the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia.
In 1830, Jackson put a new federal law into effect.
Indian Removal Act
The act gave Native Americans land in the West in exchange for their lands in the East.

61. When Andrew Jackson became President in 1829, more than 100,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River.
Chickasaw
Creek
Choctaw
Seminole
Cherokee

62. The Seminoles were a mix of Native Americans in Florida, Creeks, and escaped African American slaves.

63. The Cherokees had a distinct culture of their own.
They also adopted some white customs.
They had a written language, developed by Sequoyah.
Some learned to speak, read, and write English.
They ran businesses, such as lumber mills.
Many had converted to Christianity.
In 1827, they formed a constitutional government. They claimed status as a separate nation.

64. Jackson’s Indian Removal Act was enforced in the 1830s.
1830
1831–1833
1838
The Choctaws signed a treaty giving up all of their lands.
Most Native American leaders believed they had no choice.

65. The Choctaws moved west. They suffered greatly on their journey.
Jackson’s Indian Removal Act was enforced in the 1830s.
1830
1831–1833
1838
The Choctaws moved west. They suffered greatly on their journey.
The federal government failed to provide enough supplies, such as tents and food.

66. Jackson’s Indian Removal Act was enforced in the 1830s.
1831–1833
1838
President Van Buren forced the Cherokees to leave their lands.
The Cherokees remained on their land until after Jackson left office.

67. The Cherokees’ forced journey to Indian Territory is known as the Trail of Tears.
More than 4,000 Cherokees died on the trail, due to the harsh weather and lack of supplies.

68. The Seminoles fought three wars against removal.
One group of Native Americans, the Seminoles, refused to leave their land.
1830
1835–1842
1842
The Seminoles fought three wars against removal.
Although they never signed a peace treaty, most Seminoles were forced to move in the 1840s.

69. In total, some 100,000 Native Americans were driven from their homes and forced to walk to a new home.
In Indian Territory, Native Americans struggled to rebuild their lives in very difficult conditions.

70. Objectives
Describe the disagreement over the Bank of the United States.
Discuss the differing viewpoints on the balance of federal and state powers.
Explain why South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.
Describe the economic crisis that began in 1837.

71. Terms and People
nullification – an action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects
Martin Van Buren – President of the United States who succeeded Andrew Jackson
William Henry Harrison – Whig candidate who defeated Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election

72. Made loans to businesses Kept government money safe
How did old issues take a new shape in the conflict over a national bank and tariff?
The second Bank of the United States earned strong support from business people.
Made loans to businesses
Kept government money safe
Issued a stable currency
Created confidence in U.S. banks

73. However, many Americans disliked the Bank because it restricted loans made by state banks.
This angered farmers and merchants who wanted to borrow money to buy land.
Some blamed the bank for the 1819 financial crisis, when many people lost their farms.

74. The Bank’s most powerful enemy was Andrew Jackson.
The Bank should be called “the Monster.”
It favors the wealthy at the expense of ordinary people.
Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the Bank’s charter. It ceased to exist in 1836.

75. Jackson’s victory over the Bank had both positive and negative effects.
It increased the power of the presidency.
Negative
It made it more difficult for Jackson’s successor to deal with the economic crisis that began in 1837.
It showed that a President could face down powers in Congress.

76. Although he had popular support, the national press ridiculed President Jackson for his quick temper and steely will.
They portrayed him as a king that trampled on rights protected by the Constitution.

77. The Constitution gave the federal government many significant powers.
Since the nation’s founding, Americans had debated over the balance of power between the states and the federal government.
The Constitution gave the federal government many significant powers.
The Tenth Amendment reserved rights for the states and the people.
Federal Power
State Power

78. Southerners felt the law was unfair. It made them pay more for goods.
In 1828, the debate over states’ rights reached a crisis level.
Manufacturers in the North and some parts of the West supported the law.
Congress passed a law raising tariffs on iron, textiles, and other products.
Southerners felt the law was unfair. It made them pay more for goods.
Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed with the Southerners. He argued that the states had the right of nullification.

79. Arguments for Nullification Arguments Against Nullification
America was formed from an agreement between states.
America was formed by the entire American people.
States kept certain powers.
Daniel Webster argued, “We are all agents of the same supreme power, the people.”
States had the power to nullify unjust laws.

80. President Jackson and Vice President Calhoun became bitter enemies due to their opposing views on states’ rights and nullification.
Calhoun resigned in 1832 and was replaced by Martin Van Buren.

81. South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs and threatened to secede.
The crisis erupted in 1832, when Congress passed another tariff law.
Jackson said that the Union could not be dissolved. He put troops in South Carolina on alert.
South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs and threatened to secede.

82. The crisis was settled, but the question of states’ rights remained.
A turning point in the crisis occurred when Congress passed two bills:
one bill lowered tariffs
the other bill authorized the collection of tariffs by force
South Carolina repealed its tariff nullification.
The crisis was settled, but the question of states’ rights remained.

83. Britain bought less cotton.
When Martin Van Buren took office as President in 1837, he faced an economic crisis.
Britain bought less cotton.
Cotton prices fell.
Cotton growers could not repay their loans.
Hundreds of banks went bankrupt.
This crisis, the Panic of 1837, lasted 6 years.

84. Van Buren ran for re-election in 1840 against Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.
The Whigs ran a skillful campaign to appeal to ordinary voters.
Harrison easily defeated Van Buren. The Age of Jackson was over.

85. Chapter Summary Section 1: Building a National Identity
After the War of 1812, President James Monroe worked to promote national unity. For this reason, his presidency is known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The Supreme Court made three landmark rulings during this time which promoted federal power and national economic growth.

86. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations
Wars of independence led to the creation of many new Latin American countries in the early 1800s. President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, signaling America’s interest in shaping events in the Americas. Over time, the tension between America and Canada was replaced with a strong diplomatic bond.

87. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: The Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson served as President from 1829 to His presidency, called the Age of Jackson, marked the beginning of a more democratic era in America. Suffrage was expanded and the two-party system was restored.

88. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 4: Indian Removal
Government leaders felt that Native Americans in the Southeast stood in the way of westward expansion. Despite a Supreme Court ruling in their favor, these tribes were forced to move in the 1830s. Native Americans suffered greatly as a result of their forced relocation to the Indian Territory.

89. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 5: States’ Rights and the Economy
Andrew Jackson fought the Bank of the United States and stood firm against South Carolina’s threat to secede. His successor, Martin Van Buren, faced an economic crisis in In 1840, the Whig Party gained control with the election of William Henry Harrison as President.