1. Electrocardiography for Healthcare Professionals
Kathryn A. Booth
Thomas O’Brien
Chapter 2:
The Cardiovascular System

2. Learning Outcomes
2.1 Explain how circulation occurs in relation to the ECG. 2.2 Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels. 2.3 Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation. 2.4 Explain the cardiac cycle, including the difference between systole and diastole.

3. Learning Outcomes (Cont.)
2.5 Describe the parts and function of the heart and conduction system and how they relate to the ECG.
2.6 Describe the heart activity that produces each part of the ECG waveform.

4. 2.1 Circulation and the ECG
Functions of the heart
Pumps blood to and from all body tissues
Supplies tissues with nutrients and oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide and wastes
LO 2.1: Explain how circulation occurs in relation to the ECG.
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5. 2.1 Circulation Process of transporting blood throughout the body
Depends on:
Electrical activity of heart
Ability of heart to contract
ECG records the heart’s electrical activity
LO 2.1: Explain how circulation occurs in relation to the ECG.
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Circulation depends on the heart’s pumping ability.
The electrical activity of the heart causes the heart to contract.
A knowledge of heart function is an important aspect of understanding the ECG.

6. 2.1 Apply Your Knowledge What is the function of the heart?
ANSWER: To pump blood to and from
body tissues.
LO 2.1: Explain how circulation occurs in relation to the ECG.

7. 2.2 Anatomy of the Heart Key Terms
Aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
Atrium (pl. atria)
Chordae tendineae
Deoxygenated blood
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Oxygenated blood
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Aorta: The largest artery of the body, which transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the entire body.
Aortic semilunar valve: Valve located in the aorta that prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
Atrium (pl. atria): Top two chambers of the heart.
Chordae tendineae: Structures that connect the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles and prevent them from opening in the wrong direction.
Deoxygenated blood: Blood that has little or minimal oxygen (oxygen-poor blood).
Interventricular septum: A partition or wall (septum) that divides the right and left ventricles.
Left atrium: The left upper chamber of the heart, which receives blood from the lungs.
Left ventricle: The left lower chamber of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood through the body. It is the biggest and strongest chamber, known as the workhorse of the heart.
Mitral (bicuspid) valve: Valve with two cusps or leaflets located between the left atrium and left ventricle; it prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.
Oxygenated blood: Blood having oxygen (oxygen-rich blood).

8. 2.2 Anatomy of the Heart Key Terms (cont.)
Papillary muscles
Pericardium
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Vena cava
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Papillary muscles: Muscles in the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendineae and atrioventricular valves.
Pericardium: A two-layered sac of tissue enclosing the heart.
Pulmonary artery: Large artery that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary semilunar valve: Valve found in the pulmonary artery that prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle.
Pulmonary veins: Transport oxygenated blood back into the left atrium of the heart. These are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood .
Right atrium: The right upper chamber of the heart; receives blood from the body.
Right ventricle: The right lower chamber of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Semilunar valve: A valve with half-moon-shaped cusps that open and close, allowing blood to travel only one way; located in the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Tricuspid valve: Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium.
Vena cava: Largest vein in the body, which provides a pathway for deoxygenated blood to return to the heart; its upper portion, the superior vena cava, transports blood from the head, arms, and upper body; and its lower portion, the inferior vena cava, transports blood from the lower body and legs.

9. 2.2 Anatomy of the Heart Lies in center of chest Under sternum
Between the lungs
The size of your fist
Weighs 10.6 oz or 300 grams
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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The heart varies in size and weight depending on a person’s weight, physical condition, and gender.
In most people, two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the sternum.

10. 2.2 Heart Statistics Average beats Per minute: 72 Per day: 100,000
Per lifetime: 22.5 billion
Average output: 70 mL of blood per beat
Total output = 5 L per minute
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Each day, the heart pumps approximately 7,250 liters or 1,800 gallons of blood.

11. 2.2 Heart Anatomy Pericardium Pericardial space Epicardium Myocardium
Endocardium
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Pericardium -Sack of tissue surrounding the heart
Two layers
Parietal layer is the tough outer layer
Visceral or epicardium layer is the inner layer and adheres closely to the heart
Purpose is to protect the heart from infection and trauma
Pericardial space
Between parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
Contains approximately 10 to 20 mL of fluid
Serves to cushion the heart against trauma
Epicardium – outer layer
Also known as the visceral pericardium
Thin and contains the coronary arteries
Myocardium – middle, muscular layer
Endocardium – inner layer
Lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers and valves

12. 2.2 Heart Layers
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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13. 2.2 Heart Chambers, Vessels, and Valves
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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14. 2.2 Heart Valves Tricuspid valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Semilunar valves
Aortic
Pulmonary
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Tricuspid valve – located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral (bicuspid) valve – located between left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar valves – located in the pulmonary artery and aorta; prevent blood from backing up into the right ventricle and left ventricle, respectively.

15. 2.2 Major Vessels to and from the Heart
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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Vena cava
Superior vena cava returns blood from upper body to the heart
Inferior vena cava returns blood from lower body to the heart
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Aorta
Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
First branches from aorta are the coronary arteries
Coronary arteries
Supply blood to the heart muscle

16. 2.2 Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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17. 2.2 Apply Your Knowledge
Which valve of the heart lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
ANSWER: The mitral or bicuspid valve
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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18. 2.2 Apply Your Knowledge Name the three layers of the heart.
ANSWER: The endocardium, myocardium,
and epicardium
LO 2.2: Recall the structures of the heart including valves, chambers, and vessels.
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19. 2.3 Principles of Circulation Key Terms
Coronary circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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Coronary circulation: The circulation of blood to and from the heart muscle.
Pulmonary circulation: The transportation of blood to and from the lungs; blood is oxygenated in the lungs during pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circulation: The pathways for pumping blood throughout the body and back to the heart.

20. 2.3 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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21. 2.3 Pulmonary Circulation
Blood enters right atrium
Blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
Blood returns into the left atrium
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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Pulmonary Circulation:
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
Blood travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery, then into the lungs. In the lungs, the blood is oxygenated.
The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. The left atrium is the last step of pulmonary circulation.

22. 2.3 Systemic Circulation
Blood enters the left atrium and passes through into the left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps to the aorta
From the aorta, blood circulates throughout the body
Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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Systemic circulation:
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium and travels through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta.
After traveling through the body, the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior venae cavae.

23. 2.3 Coronary Circulation: Arteries
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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The two main coronary arteries are the left and right coronary arteries.
Branches of the left and right coronary arteries supply blood throughout the heart.
The left artery has more branches than the right because the left side of the heart is more muscular and requires a larger blood supply.

24. 2.3 Coronary Circulation: Veins
Aortic arch
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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The coronary veins carry deoxygenated blood to the coronary sinus, which empties directly into the right atrium.

25. 2.3 The Heart as a Pump Stroke volume Cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected with each contraction
Varies with gender, size, physical fitness, disease, and genetics
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped per minute
Estimated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume HR × SV = CO
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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When blood volume decreases, heart rate increases.
When contractile force decreases, stroke volume decreases.
Signs of low cardiac output:
Pallor
Confusion
Low blood pressure
Nausea
Dizziness

26. 2.3 Apply Your Knowledge Great!
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
ANSWER: The right side
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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Great!

27. 2.3 Apply Your Knowledge Great! How is cardiac output estimated?
ANSWER: By multiplying the heart rate by
the stroke volume
LO 2.3: Differentiate among pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation.
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Great!