1. Anatomy and Physiology

2. Leonardo Da Vinci and Anatomy

3. Anatomy vs. Physiology
Anatomy: branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts.
Example: What are the parts that make up the heart?
Physiology: deals with the function of body parts.
Example: How does the heart pump blood to the body?
Metabolism- the total sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Structure ALWAYS REFLECTS function!!
Shape of teeth reflect how they tear and grind food

4. Levels of Organization

5. Characteristics of Life
Movement – movement of the organism or internal parts.
Responsiveness – reaction to internal and external changes.
Growth – increase in size without change in shape.
Respiration – use of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide.
Digestion – breakdown of food into simpler forms

6. Characteristics of Life
Absorption: movement of substances through membranes and into fluids.
Circulation: movement with body fluids.
Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically different forms. Nitrogen waste into urea, building proteins from amino acids
Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes (cellular wastes)

7. Requirements of Organisms
Water – required for metabolic reactions and for transport of substances and temperature regulation.
Food – Nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter.

8. Requirements of Organisms
3. Oxygen – Used by releasing energy from nutrients. Cellular Respiration.

9. Requirements of Organisms
4. Heat – a byproduct of metabolism, its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur. 5. Pressure – force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids, heart action produces blood pressure, osmotic pressure occurs when cells gain or lose water.

10. Homeostasis
Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment (fluid surrounding the cells).
The body can only function when factors such as nutrients, oxygen, water, heat, and pressure are within a narrow range.

11. Temperature Control

12. Negative Feedback

13. Positive Feedback
An increase in one aspect triggers an increase response of another….
Not many examples of this…
** Child birth– hormones that trigger contractions
** Blood clotting mechanism

14. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, head forward, arms to the sides and palms facing forward.
** Note: whenever you talk about the right or left side, you are referring to the patient’s right or left not your right or left side!!!

15. Planes of the section of the body
Body Sections – observation of internal body parts requires the sectioning of the body into planes.
Sagittal – divide into equal right and left sides
Transverse – divide into top and bottom halves
Coronal / Frontal– divides the front and back parts

16. Cavities within the cranial cavity

17. Other Body Cavities

18. Relative Positions
Describes the location of one body part in relation to another body part.
Superior – above another part or closer to the head
Inferior – below another body part or closer to the feet.
Anterior – (ventral) towards the front (eyes are anterior to the ears)
Posterior – (dorsal) towards the back.

19. Relative Positions Medial – closer to the middle (midline)
Lateral – towards the side form the midline.
Proximal – closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.
Distil – farther from the point of attachment to the trunk.
Superficial – near the body surface
Deep – farther from the body surface

20. Use of Anatomical Terms

21. Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity
Organs within the ventral cavity are called viscera.
The organ and the cavity itself is covered with a thin membrane (serous)
There are 2 parts to the serous membrane:
Parietal Layer – lines the wall of the cavity.
Visceral Layer – adheres to the organ.
A thin layer of serous fluid is located between the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction when the viscera move.

22. Visceral Pleura
Parietal pleura

23. Serous Membranes
Serous membranes are named according to where it is located:
Parietal pleura/Visceral pleura – membranes that line the pleural cavity and lungs.
Parietal pericardium/Visceral pericardium – membranes that line the pericardial cavity and the heart.
Parietal peritoneum/visceral peritoneum – membranes that line the peritoneal cavity and the viscera in the abdominopelvic cavity.