1. Write down the names of the Seven Dwarves

2. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

3. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

4. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

6. Enter this Number: 81010 Text: @h729b6

7. Psychology-10/11
List the major words associated with hypnosis from yesterday without looking at your notes.
This will transition us into our next part of the unit on memory.

8. Psychology-10/11
Apple Blue Football Green Batman Pear Superman Orange Soccer Red Kiwi Basketball One Brown Watermelon Four Hockey Yellow Spiderman Twelve Wolverine Bruce Wayne Baseball

9. Encoding—Selective Attention
The Memory process
Encoding—Selective Attention
Storage
Retrieval

10. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system.
Getting a girls name
Typing info into a computer

11. Processing
Automatic Processing-the unconscious encoding of information
Effortful Processing-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

12. Rehearsal Rehearsal-the conscious repetition of information
Overlearning-rehearsal beyond the point in which it has been learned.

13. Distributed Rehearsal v. Massed Rehearsal
Distributed-spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by periods of time
Massed-putting rehearsal time together in one long session (cramming).

14. Spacing Effect DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
We encode better when we study or practice over time.
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

15. In your notes….
List the U.S. Presidents

16. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Truman
Obama

17. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
AKA--Primacy vs. Recency Effect

18. Semantic Encoding & Self-Reference Effect
Semantic Encoding-the encoding of meaning
An example of how we encode meaning very well.
Self-Reference-The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves or relate to us.
Peg-word system

19. Mnemonic Devices
Method of Loci-associate items to remember with specific places and images.
Ex: My wife: “Don’t forget to pick up diapers after work today.”
I imagine walking out of the school to my truck, opening the door, and seeing it full of poopy diapers.
Peg-Word System-create a list of words you are familiar with or that are catchy and will make you remember easily.
Ex: My very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas
The planets

20. Chunking
A way of organizing or categorizing information to help you remember.
Create hierarchies to help you.
Ex: Great presidents-Rank them or put them in chronological order by time period.

21. CHUNK THIS ROW
Row 1: RNN TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR OYO

22. CHUNKED
Row 2 Chunked: ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU

23. Tricks to Encode Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my “peg word” system or….
“My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas.“
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

24. How to Encode Better Grab a partner
Create a Top 15 List-write it down on your own paper
Your list can be anything you want it to be.
Choose an encoding technique to help your partner memorize your list-Look in Module 18 in your book (pages )
Write down the encoding technique you use and describe it. Teach your partner using this technique.
At the end of class, partners will present

25. Types of Encoding
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words--BEST
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Echoic Memory— 2nd best
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Iconic Memory— 3rd best

26. What type of encoding?

27. Encoding a Tough Topic
Think of a topic that you are struggling remembering in one of your classes.
On the paper provided, create an Encoding Diagram that will help you remember this information.
Your paper will be divided into 8 sections. The top 2 sections will be your Dos and Don’ts Checklist for encoding. The last 6 will be these different methods. Use each of these methods for better encoding:
Acoustic
Visual
Self Reference Effect
Method of Loci
Peg-Word System
Chunking

28. Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph like quality lasting only about a second.
We also have an echoic memory for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds.

29. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

30. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

31. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank or essay tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

32. Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember.
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.

33. Rest

34. Snore

35. Sound

36. Tired

37. Bed

38. Comfort

39. Awake

40. Eat

41. Wake

42. Dream

43. Slumber

44. Night
Last

45. PRIMING EFFECT
Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.
For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

46. Context Effects
It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
If you study at a desk at home, you will probably score higher because you take tests at a desk here at school.

47. Effects on Memory
Mood Congruent Memory--The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.
State Dependent Memory—recalling events encoding during a certain state of consciousness.
If you are sleepy, and remember an appt. you need to write it down because you won’t remember it until you are sleepy again.

48. Types of Memory According to the Three Box/Info Processing Model
Sensory Memory:
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Opposing theory is the Levels of Processing Model which says we tend to remember things that we deeply or elaboratively process.

49. Review the three stage process of Memory

50. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. Why?????
Example:
If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

51. Storage and Sensory Memory
George Sperling played one of three tones (each tome corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row,

52. Short-Term Memory AKA Working Memory
Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Seven digits (plus or minus two).
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.
*****Rehearsal
ROTE AND ELABORATIVE

53. Storage and Short-Term Memory
Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.
We recall digits better than letters.

54. Chunking—Mnemonic Device
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

55. Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.

56. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The current theory of how our long-term memory works.
Memory has a neural basis.
LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
Example--If you are trying to remember info for a test, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

57. Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event, which is easy to recall.
Stress seems to enhance LTM—Why?
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. You heard about the death of a family member
3. When Obama became President.

58. Types of LTM Episodic Memory— Episodes of your life
Explicit Memory--EXPLAIN
Semantic Memory— Just the facts/info
Procedural Memory— Things you know how to do—usually non- declaritive
Implicit Memory--SHOW

59. Eidetic or Photographic Memory
Alexander Luria studied a patient who would repeat a list of 70 letters or digits.
The patient could do it backwards and recall it up to 1.5 years later!!!!
It is like you take a picture of
information and store it in your
brain. 

60. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal
Right = Visual and Locations
The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

61. Forgetting

62. What do you remember from 9/11?
Write down all the things you can remember from 9/11.
Write down all the things
you remember about each
crash site.
Be specific.
Pentagon

63. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information.
It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

64. Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?

65. Forgetting Decay--Without rehearsal, we forget things over time.
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.
Anterograde Amnesia--?
Tip of the Tongue--
temporary inability to remember
Semantic Network Theory—Memories are connected

66. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

67. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

68. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION:
Why does is exist?
One explanation is REPRESSION:
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
Recovered Memories

69. Memory Construction—Reconstructive Memory
We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.
Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.
Elizabeth Loftus—Lost in a Mall???

70. Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fats were the cars going when they smashed into each other?