1. Arteries, Veins, and Special Circulation
Anatomy Ch. 11 Part 3
Arteries, Veins, and Special Circulation

2. Major Arteries
Aorta: largest artery in the body, arises from the left ventricle of the heart
Parts of the aorta
Ascending aorta: leaves the heart
Aortic arch: arches toward the left side of the body
Thoracic aorta: part that continues downward through the thorax
Abdominal aorta: part that continues into the abdomen

4. Arterial branch of the ascending aorta
Right and left coronary arteries
heart

5. Arterial branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid artery (brain)
Right subclavian artery (right arm)
Left common carotid artery
Left internal carotid (brain)
Left external carotid (skin and muscles of the head and neck)
Left subclavian artery
Vertebral artery (brain)
Axillary artery (major artery of the arm)
Brachial artery (arm)
Radial and ulnar arteries (forearm)

6. Arterial branches of the thoracic aorta
Intercostal arteries (muscles of thorax walls)
Bronchial arteries (lungs)
Esophageal arteries (esophagus)
Phrenic arteries (diaphragm)

7. Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk
Left gastric artery (stomach)
Splenic artery (spleen)
Common hepatic artery (liver)
Superior mesenteric (most of the small intestine and first half of the large intestine)
Renal arteries (kidneys)
Right and left gonadal arteries (gonads)

8. Lumbar arteries (muscles of the abdomen and trunk walls)
Inferior mesenteric artery (second half of the large intestine)
Right and left common iliac arteries
Internal iliac artery (pelvic organs like the bladder and rectum)

9. External iliac artery
Femoral artery (thigh)
Popliteal artery (knee)
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries (leg and foot)
Dorsalis pedis artery (foot)
Arcuate artery (bottom of the foot)

11. Veins Arteries are general located in deep well protected body areas.
Veins are more superficial
Veins are more easily seen
Most veins follow the course of major arteries
The naming of most veins is identical to that of their companion arteries

12. Major Veins
All veins converge on the vena cava which enters the right atrium of the heart
Veins draining the head and arms empty into the superior vena cava
Veins draining the lower body empty into the inferior vena cava

14. Veins and the areas they drain (superior)
Radial and ulnar veins: forearm
Brachial vein: arm
Cephalic vein: lateral aspect of the arm
Basilic vein: medial aspect of the arm
Medial cubital vein: arm, site for blood removal for blood testing
Subclavian vein: arm

15. External jugular vein: skin and muscles of the head
Vertebral vein: posterior part of the head
Internal jugular vein: dural sinuses of the brain
Brachiocephalic veins: receive blood from the subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins
Azygos vein: thorax

16. Veins and the areas they drain (inferior)
Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibular veins: calf and foot
Popliteal vein: knee
Femoral vein: thigh
Great saphenous veins: longest in the body, superficial leg
Iliac veins: pelvis
Right and left gonadal veins: gonads

17. Renal veins: kidneys
Hepatic portal vein: digestive tract organs, carries the blood through the liver before it enters circulation
Hepatic veins: liver

19. Special Circulations
Arterial supply of the brain and the circle of Willis
Internal carotid arteries
run through the neck and enter the skull through the temporal bone
Once inside the cranium, each divides into cerebral arteries which supply most of the cerebrum

20. Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
Basilar artery
Forms from combined vertebral arteries
Serves the brain stem and cerebellum
Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
The anterior and posterior blood supplies of the brain are united to form a complete circle of connecting blood vessels which surrounds the base of the brain
Protects the brain by providing more than one route for blood to reach the brain in case of blockage anywhere in the brain
The carotid, cerebral, and basilar arteries make up the circle of Willis

22. Fetal Circulation
Because the lungs and digestive system are not functioning in the fetus all nutrient, excretory, and gas exchange occur through the placenta
The umbilical cord contains 3 blood vessels:
Umbilical vein: carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
Umbilical arteries: carry CO2 and debris from the fetus to the placenta

23. As blood flows toward the heart of the fetus most of it bypasses the immature liver through the ductus venosus
Because the fetal lungs are nonfunctional and collapsed, 2 shunts ensure that they are almost entirely bypassed.
Foramen ovale: allows blood to pass from the right atrium directly into the left atrium.
Fossa ovalis: remnant after birth
Ductus arteriosus: allows blood that enters the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk to pass directly into the aorta.
Ligamentum arteriosum: remnant after birth

25. Hepatic portal circulation
The veins of this circulation drain the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and delivers this blood to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
The liver is a key body organ involved in maintaining proper glucose, fat, and protein concentrations in blood.
This circulation ensures that the liver processes these substances before they enter circulation

26. As blood flows through the liver some of the nutrients are stored and processed for later release to blood.
The liver is drained by hepatic veins
This system is unique because it is veins rather than arteries that feed circulation

27. Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation
Inferior mesenteric: terminal large intestine
Splenic: spleen, pancreas, left side of the stomach
Superior mesenteric: small intestine and first part of the colon
Left gastric: right side of the stomach