1. Human Mutations

2. Mutations
If an error occurs during DNA replication (also known as a gene mutation)
Something goes wrong with meiosis leading to chromosomal abnormalities

3. Gene Mutations
Point mutation: substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide
Substitution results in a new codon
Inserts or deletions result in a frame shift – causing a new codon

4. Non-disjunction
Failure of chromosome to separate from its homologue during meiosis; one gamete receives an extra copy and the other one lacks a copy

5. Deletions
Loss of a piece of chromosome due to breakage

6. Inversion
A segment breaks off and reattaches in reverse order

7. Translocation
Chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches to another nonhomologous chromosome

8. Normal Female

9. Normal Male

10. Turner’s Syndrome

11. Down’s Syndrome

12. Klinefelter’s Syndrome