1. DNA

2. What Is DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Molecule of heredity
Constitutes our genes
Genes are stretches of DNA sequence
DNA is present in each cell
Passed on to gametes and into progeny

3. What is DNA, Really Polymer of nucleotides Polymer? Nucleotides?
A large molecule that is a series of joined smaller molecules
Nucleotides
The small molecules that make up the large DNA polymer

4. DNA Concepts Genes Chromosomes Complementary base-paired double helix
Polymer of nucleotides
The sequence of nucleotides is the information of DNA

5. DNA Concepts DNA controls traits of organism
Traits pass from parent to offspring
DNA is copied during cell division
DNA is present in sex cells
DNA is passed from parent to offspring

6. Nucleotides The building blocks of DNA

7. Nucleotides Adenosine monophosphate Cytidine monophosphate
Figure: 10-08
Caption:
Structures & names of the nucleosides & nucleotides of RNA & DNA.
Adenosine monophosphate
Cytidine monophosphate
Guanosine monophosphate
Uridine monophosphate
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate
Deoxythymidine monophosphate

8. Order of Nucleotides
As nucleotides join the strand they generate a sequence
Inherent fidelity of DNA replication
TAAGTGTACACGTA
ATTCACATGTGCAT
TAAGTGTACACGTA
TCACATCG
TAAGTGTACACGTA
TCACATCG
TCACATCG
AGTCCGATCGTAACTGGGTCACATCGTAAGTGTACACGTA
TCAGGCTAGCATTGACCCAGTGTAGCATTCACATGTGCAT
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AGTCCGATCGTAACTGGG
TCACATCG
TAAGTGTACACGTA
||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||||
TCAGGCTAGCATTGACCC
AGTGTAGC
ATTCACATGTGCAT
AGTGTAGC
AGTGTAGC
ATTCACATGTGCAT
TAAGTGTACACGTA
ATTCACATGTGCAT

9. DNA Sequence Human Genome Project What does “sequencing” mean?
sequencing the human genome
What does “sequencing” mean?
To determine the order of the nucleotides in the human DNA molecules
Human DNA molecules are our chromosomes
Each chromosome is a DNA double helix
Each DNA double helix is two single DNA molecules intertwined
Each single DNA molecule is a chain of nucleotide units
Sequencing is the method to determine what the exact order of units is in this chain

10. Gene Expression DNA Gene Transcription RNA (messenger RNA) Translation
Protein
(sequence of
amino acids)
Functioning of proteins within living
cells influences an organism’s traits.

11. Overview of gene expression
A C

12. The code is 3 letter words, but what about punctuation?
GROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW c b a b
Code written in three letter words - codons
Ribosomes must start at the right place to read the message
There are three frames, but only one is read to give an intelligible message
Need a start codon (NOW) and a stop codon (END) to define the frame to use
frame b
NOW THE CAT SAW THE DOG BUT DID NOT RUN

13. Reading Frames & Mutation Types
Frame shift mutations
Original reading frame is frame a
Insertions or deletions shift the reading frame
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a b c
ROWNDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a b c ^

14. Reading Frames & Mutations
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a b c
Once a ribosome begins translation in a particular frame (a) it does not shift frames
Therefore, if a mutation shifts the reading frame in the mRNA, the ribosome will read the wrong frame. ^
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEADOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a b c
NOW THE CAT SAW THE ADO GBU TDI DNO TRU NEN DSE W..

15. Reading Frames & Mutations
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a
A change that creates a stop codon is a non-sense mutation
Generates a truncated protein ^ ^
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTENDNOTRUNENDSEW a
NOW THE CAT SAW THE DOG BUT END

16. Reading Frames & Mutations
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a
A change that creates a different codon is a mis-sense mutation
Generates a protein with an altered sequence
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEHOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW a ^
NOW THE CAT SAW THE HOG BUT DID NOT RUN END

17. Molecular Basis of Phenotype

18. Effect of Mutations
Sickle cell disease
single nucleotide change AT