1. PHARMACY & HEALTH CARE
CHAPTER 1

2. In the Beginning…… Ancient peoples’ beliefs in supernatural approaches
Scientific approaches starting around 400 B.C.
Natural medicines and synthetic medicines
The drug industry
Medicine Through the Ages – A Timeline
Ancient Smerians believed that illness was caused by demons
Imhotep was the first physician known by name
The supernatural approach to treating illness gave way to a more scientific approach around 400 BC
In the earliest times medicine was based in magic and religion
Quinine is made from the bark of the Peruvian cinchona tree
Cocaine was the first effective local anesthetic
The Chinese Emperor Shen Nung was one of the first known practitioners of “trial and error” drug testing
The most widely used drug in the world is acetylsalicylic acid
The discovery of cocaine revolutionized surgery and dentistry
Papyrus Ebers is the most complete record of ancient Egyptian medicine and pharmacology and included about 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their properties, uses, application, and effects
An early form of immunization was practiced by King Mithridates of Pontos
Shen Nung Pen Tsao is an early Chinese forerunner to the FDA approved drug list
Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica
Charaka wrote the first great book of Indian medicine
Galen believed there were four “humours” in man
Rhazes wrothe the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur
Sarsaparilla is a natural medicine that is found in some of today’s teas and that became popular in the 1500s for its use on kidney and bladder ailments
Paracelsus was a Swiss alchemist in the early 1500s who rejected all previous medical teaching other than Hippocrates
Hormones are chemicals produced by the body that regulate body functions and processes
Quinine is also called Jesuit’s powder
Quinine was the first drug to be used successfully in the treatment of malaria
Dr. Zabdiel Boylston was the first person in what is now the US known to administer a smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner successfully used the vaccine from cowpox to innoculate against smallpox
The Greek physician Hippocrates developed a more scientific approach to treating illness around 400 BC
The foxglove plant contains a drug that is used to treat heart disease
If drugs that are marketed are found to have significant adverse effects, the FDA can recall them
3 out of 5 pharmacists work in community pharmacies

3. PHARMACY TODAY Prescription drugs The pharmacist Pharmacy settings
Economic trends

4. THE PHARMACIST A trusted profession Expanding role OBRA ’90
Medication Therapy Management (MTM)

5. PHARMACY SETTINGS Community pharmacies Hospitals Mail order pharmacies
Long-term care
Managed care
Home care
Compounding pharmacies

6. Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company.
ECONOMIC TRENDS
Increasing total health care costs
Increasing numbers of prescriptions filled
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company.

7. LIVING LONGER
Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company.

8. COMPUTERS IN PHARMACY A pharmacy’s computer system may include:
patient profile
prescriber profile
education (product information)
product selection
inventory
labeling
security
pricing
management reporting
billing