1. Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying Mental Disorders
Chapter 1
Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying
Mental Disorders
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2. Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?
Mental disorders have been defined as:
Deviations from social expectations
Conditions that mental health professionals treat
Labels for disliked actions
Subjective distress or unhappiness
Dysfunctions that cause harm
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3. Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?
The DSM-5 Definition (p. 5)
Cultural context
Distress/disability
Individual dysfunction of psychological, biological or developmental processes
Cognition
Emotion regulation
Behavior
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4. Classroom Activity: Distinguishing Normal from Abnormal Behavior
Case # 1: Tom is uncomfortable riding escalators. As a result, Tom avoids using any escalator.
Case #2: Rachel has been caught urinating in the corner of her bedroom. Is her behavior abnormal?
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5. Assessment and Diagnosis
Three Steps
Gather information
Organize and process information to form a clinical description
Compare description using a nosology to arrive at a diagnosis
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6. Assessment and Diagnosis
Reliability (consistency)
Interrater reliability
Test-retest reliability
Validity (what it measures & how well it does so)
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Standardization (ensures consistency in the use of a technique)
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7. Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
1. Life Records
E.g., school grades, court records, police reports, medical records
2. Interviews
Structured interview
Mental Status Examination (MSE)
Social history
Confidentiality
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8. Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
1. Life Records
2. Interviews
3. Psychological Tests
Intelligence tests
Neuropsychological tests
Personality tests
Projective tests
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9. Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
1. Life Records
2. Interviews
3. Psychological Tests
4. Observations
5. Biological Measures
Neurodiagnostic procedures
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10. Figure 1. 5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p
Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20) (a) CT scan (b) MRI
Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com.
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11. Figure 1. 5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p
Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20) (c) PET scan (d) fMRI
Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) ( (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department,
National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center,
8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA. .
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12. Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
History of the DSM
DSM-I: 1952
DSM-II: 1968
DSM-III: 1980; DSM-III-R: 1987
DSM-IV: 1994; DSM-IV-TR: 2000
DSM-5: 2013
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13. Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
Diagnosis involves:
Specific operational criteria for each disorder
A polythetic approach
Assessment of
Medical conditions
Exposure to stressors
Overall functioning
Comorbidity with other mental disorders
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14. Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
DSM-5 Diagnostic Categories
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Elimination disorders
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
Depressive disorders
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Dissociative disorders
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
Sleep-wake disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Gender dysphoria
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Neurocognitive disorders
Personality disorders
Paraphilic disorders
Other mental disorders
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