1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION LAB 1

2. The Pituitary Gland

4. Structural Organization of the Pituitary Gland

5. The hypothalamus–pituitary complex can be thought of as the “command center” of the endocrine system. This complex secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands. In addition, the hypothalamus–pituitary complex coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous systems. In many cases, a stimulus received by the nervous system must pass through the hypothalamus–pituitary complex to be translated into hormones that can initiate a response.

6. The relationship between the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary gland

7. Hormones produced in the hypothalamus
Anti-Diuretic Hormones — The hormones that regulate water levels in the body, including blood volume and blood pressure
Oxytocin — A hormone that controls some human behaviors and the reproductive system.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone — Controls the body's response to physical and emotional stress, and is responsible for suppressing the appetite and stimulating anxiety.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone — Stimulates the release of hormones connected to reproductive function, puberty and sexual maturation.
Somatostatin — Inhibits growth and thyroid-stimulating hormones.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone — Controls growth and physical development in children as well as metabolism in adults.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone — Stimulates production of the thyroid hormone, which in turn controls the cardiovascular system, brain development, muscle control, digestive health and metabolism.
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (also called dopamine) – stops the production of breast milk
Prolactin Releasing Hormone – increases the production of breast milk

10. Hormone Chart 1 Pituitary lobe Associated hormones Chemical class
Effect
Anterior
Growth hormone (GH)
Protein
Promotes growth of body tissues
Prolactin (PRL)
Peptide
Promotes milk production from mammary glands
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Glycoprotein
Stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates gamete production in gonads
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates androgen production by gonads
Posterior
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Intermediate zone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes

12. Posterior Pituitary
The paraventricular nuclei produce the hormone oxytocin, whereas the supraoptic nuclei produce ADH. These hormones travel along the axons into storage sites in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. In response to signals from the same hypothalamic neurons, the hormones are released from the axon terminals into the bloodstream.

14. VIDEO 1

15. Application – What does this information look like on an exam or quiz?

16. What does this information look like on an exam or quiz?
Hormone Name
Where the hormone is produced or secreted from?
Target organ or tissues
Effect on the body
ACTH
Posterior Pituitary
Causes contraction of the uterus in females
Anterior Pituitary
Mammary gland
All tissues of the body
Stimulates general body growth

17. Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus.

18. THYROID – ANATOMICAL MODEL

19. What does the thyroid control?
Breathing
Heart rate
Central and peripheral nervous systems
Body weight
Muscle strength
Menstrual cycles
Body temperature
Cholesterol levels

20. Adrenals
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.

22. Hormone Productions

23. PANCREAS

24. ROLE:
Functioning as an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.

25. OVARIES

26. OVARIES – ANATOMICAL MODEL

27. Role:
In addition to their role in producing ova, the ovaries also have the distinction of being an endocrine gland because they secrete hormones— primarily estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen - The primary function of estrogens is development of female secondary sexual characteristics. These includes breasts, endometrium, regulation of the menstrual cycle etc. In males estrogen helps in maturation of the sperm and maintenance of a healthy libido.
Progesterone - Progesterone, hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands

28. TESTES – ANATOMICAL MODEL

29. ROLE:
The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys.
In adulthood, testosterone maintains libido, muscle strength, and bone density.