1. Biotechnology

2. Biotechnology
Use of living organisms to create a product

3. Selective Breeding
Breeding selected animals with desired traits to make them more useful

4. Test Cross
You may not know if the organism is a purebred so you perform a “Test Cross”.
A way to find out the unknown genotype by breeding with a recessive individual.

6. Genetic Engineering
The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

7. Genetic Engineering
- Moving genes from one organism into another creates Transgenic Organisms

8. Industrial Uses Bacteria can break down OIL spills
Bacteria are used to produce enzymes used in detergents

9. Genetically Engineered
Products

10. Spider Silk Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than steel
One method involves inserting the gene from a weaving spider into a fertilized goat egg. The resultant “spider-goat” produces milk that can be manufactured into strong fibers.

11. Production of Human Insulin
Insulin regulates the blood sugar level.
The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast or bacteria, from which large quantities of the human insulin are manufactured

12. Bt Crops
Bt is a bacteria that is toxic to some insects. In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of plants
Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides

13. Agriculture
Flounder genes inserted into crops make them resistant to frost.

14. Golden Rice
Undernourished people in poorer countries may have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A
Golden rice contains beta-carotene, which forms Vitamin A
A daffodil gene is inserted

15. Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone
rBGH is a hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of cows and controls milk production
rBGH can increase cows’ milk production by as much as 20-30%

16. Glowing Organisms
Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted into other organisms
The organism glows under UV light

17. Restriction Enzymes
A tool of the genetic engineer. They cleave DNA into pieces by recognizing specific sequences.

18. Restriction Enzymes Many of the sequences are palindromes.
If a staggered cut is made, “sticky ends” result and can recombine with other cut pieces.

19. Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms-
This produces
Transgenic Organisms

20. Bacterial Transformation
-Isolate a gene of interest from an organism
-Open the plasmid (circle of bacterial DNA)
-Use restriction enzymes to create matching sticky ends
-Splice the gene of interest into the plasmid
-Insert the recombinant DNA into a bacteria, grow

21. Bacterial Transformation
Each time the bacteria copies itself, it copies the new gene
Each new bacterial cell expresses the gene

22. Human Genome Project
We successfully sequenced and mapped the human genome. (DNA that produces genes).
There are 30,000-
40,000 genes.
Linkage maps
show gene locations.

23. Applications of HGP Diagnosis of diseases
Development of Gene Therapy for treatment of dwarfism, hemophilia

24. Applications of HGP
DNA Fingerprinting- unique banding pattern when DNA samples are cut and separated.
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA
Gel electrophoresis separates the segments by SIZE

25. DNA is placed into wells on a gel
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is placed into wells on a gel

26. Gel Electrophoresis
The gel is placed in a solution and an electric field is applied making one end of the gel positive and the other end negative.

27. The negatively charged DNA fragments travel toward the positive end.
Gel Electrophoresis
The negatively charged DNA fragments travel toward the positive end.

28. Uses of G.E.
Paternity Testing
Forensics
Fossil Remains

29. Use of GE
Paternity

30. FOSSIL Remains Identification
Uses of GE
FOSSIL Remains Identification

31. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction
Millions of copies of a small DNA sample can be made in a few hours.