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1 copyright cmassengale
Chapter 17 Classification copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
Chapter 17 – The Tree of Life Day 1 copyright cmassengale

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Taxonomy What is taxonomy? The science of classification Why should we classify organisms? Provides a way to organize unfamiliar organisms Provides a way to name organisms copyright cmassengale

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Aristotle 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants and animals. He subdivided them by their habitat (land, sea, or air dwellers) copyright cmassengale

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Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

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Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy (classification) Divided organisms on the basis of structure Created the 2-part system for naming and classifying organisms called binomial nomenclature. copyright cmassengale

7 Binomial Nomenclature
Two words Language of Latin (it’s universal; whereas common names may be different) Genus species (capitalize the Genus, not the species) Must be underlined or italicized copyright cmassengale

8 Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Look at the example above Notice the first word, Homo, is capitalized. The second is not. When writing a scientific name, always capitalize the genus only. Use italics or underlining to let others know it is a scientific name. By the way, Homo sapiens is a human! copyright cmassengale

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More on Linnaeus Linnaeus also came up with a system for organizing different types of organisms. Linnaeus’s system of classification uses eight taxonomic categories… Each group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or a taxon. copyright cmassengale

10 Classification Timeline
2 Kingdom system accepted until 1866 when Haeckel proposed moving all single-celled organisms to the kingdom Protista 1938 – Copeland argued that the prokaryotes deserved their own kingdom called Monera 1959 – Whittaker proposed that because of how they feed, fungi should be placed into their own kingdom 1977 – Woese revealed two genetically different groups of prokaryotes splitting Monera into two kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea copyright cmassengale

11 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

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D K P C O F G S It helps to come up with a sentence using the first letter of each taxon to help you remember them. For example, Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti? copyright cmassengale

13 3 Domain System Some scientists use a 3 domain system. Domains are BIGGER than kingdoms. Domains Kingdoms Bacteria Eubacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia These 2 kingdoms used to be combined into one called “Monera”

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Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

15 THE 6 KINGDOMS EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE
ANIMALIA

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ARCHAEA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants Thermal or Volcanic Vents Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

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EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

19 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

20 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

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Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

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Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

26 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 This does not mean they need to be classified in the same group. Maybe they only evolved similar body structures! These situations make it very difficult for scientists to classify! copyright cmassengale

27 Classification of Living Things
Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things Go to Section:

28 copyright cmassengale
Chapter 17 – The Tree of Life Day 2 copyright cmassengale

29 Problems with Traditional Classification
During Linnaeus’s time, scientists classified organisms based on their physical appearance, but today we know that doesn’t always work! Example: dolphins -> fish or mammals? Remember, convergent evolution -> sometimes organisms that are different from each other evolve similar body structures, due to the change in the environment. copyright cmassengale

30 Evolutionary Classification
Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical features. Evolutionary classification – is the strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history. copyright cmassengale

31 Traditional v/s Evolutionary Classification
Conical Shells Appendages Crustaceans Gastropod Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

32 Evolutionary relationships
These provide clues and information about how species evolved. They are determined on basis of: Similarities in structure Breeding behavior Geographical distribution Chromosomes Biochemistry Evolutionary relationships

33 I. Structural Similarities:
Imply that species are closely related and may have evolved from same ancestor Examples: Dandelions/Sunflowers Bobcat/Lynx II. Breeding Behavior: Patterns of reproduction and mating Frogs III. Geographical Distribution: Genetic similarities despite geographic isolation Galapagos Island Finches

34 IV. Chromosomal Comparisons:
Species may look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure Example: Cauliflower, Cabbage, Broccoli V. Biochemistry: Studying DNA sequences, proteins, nucleotides in different organisms If their DNA sequences and proteins are more alike, then probably the organisms are closely related.

35 Classification using Cladograms
To refine evolutionary classification, biologists now prefer a method called cladistics. Cladogram – a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; includes new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters copyright cmassengale

36 Here is an example… Derived Characters

37 Now let’s see what you can do…
Use the following derived characters to fill in the cladogram, above: Wings Legs Segmented Body - Dbl set of wings Jumping legs - Crushing Mouth parts Legs Curly Antennae

38 Did you get it? Wings 6 Legs Crushing Mouthparts Segmented Body
Curly Antennae Jumping Legs Double Set of Wings Wings 6 Legs Crushing Mouthparts Segmented Body

39 Now create your own Cladogram…
First, look at the animals we are studying and establish which characteristics that they share & which are unique to each individual species. CELLS BACKBONE LEGS HAIR OPPOSABLE THUMB Slug Catfish Frog Tiger Human

40 Now you try drawing your own cladogram using the information in the chart….

41 How’d you do? Opposable Thumbs Hair Legs Backbone Cells

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