1. MGMT 203 Aviation Weather Theory and Observations
Module 9

2. THIS DAY IN AVIATION December 11
1917 — Katherine Stinson flies 606 miles from San Diego to San Francisco, setting a new American non-stop distance record.

3. THIS DAY IN AVIATION December 11
1928 — Privates Sidney R. Glover and Paul W. Lemons are awarded the Soldiers Medal for rescuing Major Junius W. Jones, United States Air Corps, and Maj. Samuel T. Stewart, C.A.C, from drowning after an airplane crash into the Mississippi River near Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

4. Questions / Comments

5. November/December 2017 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 Review Questions Due
SUNDAY
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY 26 27
Module 8
Aviation National and International Laws and Regulations, and Environmental Issues 28 29 30
Beaufort County Airport (ILT) 1
Flightline
Friday 2 3 4 5 6
Discussion Due 7 8
Review Questions Due
Research Paper Due 9 10 11
Module 9
Intro
Aviation Weather Theory and Observations 12
FINAL EXAM DUE 13 14 15
Flightline Friday 16

6. Questions / Comments

7. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 9 (12/11/17 – 12/15/17) Aviation Weather Theory and Observations
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
State the four atmospheric layers and describe in what layer weather occurs.
Describe the atmospheric pressure measures and the standard atmosphere at sea level.
Explain how wind is caused and how wind direction is identified at an airport.
Describe atmospheric pressure, and determine the effects of pressure on altitude and on flight.
Explain wind shear and microbursts and associated problems.
Describe precipitation, the four types, and the problems associated with precipitation.
Explain where you may find weather information from at least three federal government agencies.
Explain the difference between weather reports and weather forecasts.
Describe the three types of weather briefings (standard, abbreviated, and outlook) and what type of information is provided by each one.
Describe Surface Aviation Weather Observations especially METAR reports.
Clarify the different air mass circulations that create four types of fronts and describe the flight hazards associated with each type of front.
Describe the three types of weather briefings (standard, abbreviated, and outlook).
Describe the four types of weather observations and the information provided by each observation type.
Evaluate the responsibilities of passengers on aircraft delays.
Mon/Tues/Wed

8. Readings Refer to Readings on ERAU Website Mod 9
Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Please review 14 CFR Parts:
91, 135, 121 and 139.
Textbook – Business and Corporate Aviation Management
Chapter 12: Weather Theory
Chapter 13: Aviation Weather Service

9. 9.2 – Discussion: Airline Passengers Protection Wed Dec 13

10. 9.6 – Final Exam Tues Dec 12 – available Dec 9
This Final Exam consists of 10 questions which cover all the topics you have explored throughout the course.
The final is open-book/open-note, and is comprised of essay questions.
Time limit: There is a two-hour time limit and at the end of the two hours, the exam will close and be automatically submitted for grading. You will get a notification pop-up approximately 10 seconds before time expires. If you leave the exam for any reason, the timer will continue, and the exam will automatically submit when time is up. If you lose your Internet connection, you may reconnect and return to the exam where you left off as long as time has not expired. If you encounter technical difficulties, please contact your instructor.

11. Module 9 Review Questions (Due Fri Dec 15)
Spend quality time responding to the following questions in your own words.
Describe atmospheric pressure, its measures, and the standard atmosphere at sea level.
Explain the difference between weather reports and weather forecasts. Please provide a few examples.
Describe precipitation, the four types, and the problems associated with precipitation.
Describe Surface Aviation Weather Observations especially a METAR Report.
Describe the three types of weather briefings (standard, abbreviated, and outlook).

12. Assignments Due – Module 9 (12/11/17 – 12/15/17)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Assignments Due – Module 9 (12/11/17 – 12/15/17)
Review Module 9 Instructions for the following assignments:
Final Exam Due (10 question - Essay)
(Due – Tues Dec 12) – available from Dec 9
Discussion Board Due (Airline Passengers Protection)
(Due – Wed Dec 13) – 2 part (Post and Respond)
Review Questions – Aviation Weather Theory and Observations
(Due – Fri Dec 15) – 5 Questions

13. Questions / Comments

14. Weather
Condition of the earth’s atmosphere at a specific point in time.
Many different variables.
Weather hazards can cause delays, change aircraft operations; delaying or cancel flights, causing flight diversions, and evacuation of aircraft at airports.
Whether we can fly or not

15. Atmosphere Layered and surrounds the earth Layers Thermosphere
High energy rays from the sun are absorbed
Hottest layer 
Mesosphere (160K to 280K)
Most meteorites burn up here
Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) (20K to 160K feet)
Contain 19% of the atmosphere’s gases
Troposphere (Sea level to 20K feet)
Weather occurs here

16. Atmospheric Pressure Weight of the air
Determined by altitude, temperature, and density
Measured in inches of mercury (Barometer)
Atmospheric Pressure on Standard Day
29.92” Hg ( millibars)
14.7 psi
Plus (+) 59 degrees Fahrenheit or + 15 degrees Celsius

17. Temperature Temperature is the measure of heat energy
Higher heat results in increased molecular movement.
Hot air expands or rises
Results in less density or less pressure
Lower heat results in decreased molecular movement.
Cold contraction or sinks
Results in more density or higher pressure
Temperature scales are Fahrenheit or Celsius

18. Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Temperature
Standard Temperature is 15 Celsius (59 Fahrenheit).

19. Altitude Indicated Altitude Absolute altitude True altitude
Read on altimeter when set to current local altimeter setting.
Absolute altitude
Height above the surface.
True altitude
True height above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Pressure altitude
Altitude indicated when altimeter setting dial is at
Density altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature and/or pressure.

20. Turbulence Caused by wind conditions and thunderstorms.
Wake of aircraft taking off.
Also caused by facilities, obstructions, and mountains.
Improved airborne real-time turbulence sensing systems.
National Weather Service (NWS) develops and provides turbulence forecasts.

21. Turbulence Cause drag – Winglets reduce drag and improve fuel economy
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p

22. Turbulence
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p

23. Wind Wind is caused by earth’s surface being heated unevenly.
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas.
Wind direction can be identified by observing a Wind Sock, Wind Tee, or Weather Vane.
Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates.

24. Wind
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p

25. Wind Shear
Sudden and drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere.
Difficult or impossible to maintain control.
Prevention
3 pronged approach was developed
Training crews on avoidance
Detection systems for flight crew
Maximum aircraft performance if wind shear encountered
Simulator training is essential
Equipment
Wind Shear Alert Systems
Predictive Wind Shear Equipment (PWE)
Ground spurt radars (many types)
AC (1988) Pilot Wind Shear Guide.

26. Microbursts Are difficult to detect
Can have wet or dry microbursts that occur in confined areas
3 stages in their life cycle
Downburst (downdraft)
Outburst
Cushion
May result from thunderstorms
Duration can last a few seconds to several minutes
Very dangerous and has caused aircraft accidents

27. Microbursts
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p

28. Humidity and Dew Point
Sun heats water and the water evaporates creating water vapor.
Humidity
Amount of water or water vapor in the air.
85% humidity means air is holding 85% of water.
Saturation is the air cannot hold anymore water vapor.
Dew Point
Temperature where moisture or water vapor saturates the air.
Relative Humidity
Measure of amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature.

29. Precipitation
When the humidity is at saturation point or has too much moisture, water falls to earth.
Air temperature (heat energy) determines the 4 types of precipitation.
Rain (droplets of water)
Hail (frozen drops of water)
Sleet (below freezing at surface, sleet forms)
Snow (air below freezing forms water into snowflakes)
Results in reduced visibility, affecting aircraft performance, and producing icing conditions.
Airport equipment needed especially for sleet and snow removal.

30. Ice Disruption of airflow over wing.
Crew must understand aircraft limitations under adverse weather conditions.
Aircraft have anti-ice and deice systems.
Aircraft equipped with float-type carburetors are susceptible to carburetor icing (Ice forms in the carburetor's venturi area).

31. Questions / Comments

32. References
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2008). FAA-H Pilot's handbook of aeronautical knowledge. Oklahoma City OK: United States Department of Transportation.
Sheehan, J. J. (2013). Business and corporate aviation management (2nd. ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Wells, A. T., & Young, S. B. (2004). Airport planning and management. New York: NY. McGraw-Hill.