2. The Arms Race Begins
From USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs.
In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

3. In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Holocaust-
In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons.
World leaders realize the clash between the superpowers could destroy mankind.

4. Arms Race
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry S. Truman as president
Nikita Khrushchev succeeded Josef Stalin as Soviet Premier

5. Arms race
In 1957, the launch of the satellite Sputnik into space drastically changes the arms race

6. The arms race begins….
Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:
developing more powerful weapons
Having more of one weapon than the other side
WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
Cheaper than having a large army
They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

7. Why was there a nuclear arms race?
USSR
76 IBMs
700 Medium range bombers
1,600 bombers
38,000 Tanks
12 Nuclear submarines
495 Conventional submarines
0 Battleships and cruisers US
450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile)
250 Medium range missiles
2,260 Bombers
16,000Tanks
32 Nuclear submarines
260 Conventional submarines
76 Battleships and carriers

8. US vs. USSR
The Cold War competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to the “Space Race”
Though the U.S. built intercontinental missiles capable of delivering nuclear warheads anywhere in the world, Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union was able to send a satellite, Sputnik I, into orbit in 1957

9. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite—Sputnik I—a feat that caused many Americans to believe the United States had “fallen behind” the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology.
The success of the Soviet satellite launch led to increased U.S. government spending on education, especially in mathematics and science, and on national military defense programs.
Additionally, Sputnik I increased Cold War tensions by heightening U.S. fears that the Soviet Union might use rockets to launch nuclear weapons against the United States and its allied nations.
Space Race

10. Reaction to Sputnik
Though at first President Eisenhower dismissed the feat, the U.S. created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and passed the National Defense Education Act which provided money for science and math education

11. President Kennedy’s Address
On 21 May, 1961 President Kennedy made a famous speech in which he announced an ambitious plan to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade – The Apollo Program was launched

12. Humans in Space
Soviets first to fulfill human spaceflight with own spaceship and launcher
First Human: Yuri Gagarin
Vostok 1
April 12, 1961
Orbited Earth for 108min

13. Humans in Space 23 days later, Alan Shepard entered space for the USA
Sub-orbital mission Freedom7
Less than 16min
Altitude of 187km

14. Humans in Space First American to orbit the Earth, John Glenn
February 20, 1962
Completed 3 orbits
Friendship7

15. Humans in Space More Soviet Firsts
First dual-manned flight: August 11, 1962
First woman: Valentina Tereshkova. June 16, 1963
First flight with more than 2 crew: October 12, 1964
First spacewalk: March 18, 1965

16. Lunar Missions
Before they could put a person on the Moon, unmanned spacecraft had to land safely.
Americans:
The Pioneer Program
The Ranger Program
The Lunar Orbiter Program
The robotic Surveyor Program (locate Apollo landing sites)
Soviets:
Luna 1 (January 1959), Luna 2 (September 1959)

17. The Apollo Program
Established in 1961 President Kennedy and V.P. Lyndon B. Johnson
Goal: manned moon-landing missions
December 21, 1968: James Lovell, Frank Borman and Bill Anders in Apollo 8 orbited the moon 10 times

18. The Apollo Program July 20, 1969. Apollo 11 mission
Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins
5 other Apollo missions have landed on the moon
Last in 1972

20. US Takes the Lead
With the success of Apollo 11, the United States had taken the lead in the space race.
The space race continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union, but space exploration continues today.
The International Space Station is an orbiting station on which American and astronauts from former Soviet countries now explore space as friends.

21. The failure of disarmament
Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut defence spending
After Stalin’s death East-West relations had improved
USSR proposed:
reduction of armed forces
Eventual abolition of atomic weapons
International inspections to supervise this

22. The USA…. Wanted strong inspection system
Proposed ‘open skies’ – openly photograph each others sites from planes
USSR rejected this
USA rejected initial USSR proposals
Stalemate