1. Nutrition & Feeding

2. Nutrition Terms Nutrition Nutrient
Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduces, and perform.
Nutrient
substance or part of feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow.
Also known as a single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life
Required nutrients include water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

3. Six Basic Nutrients
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals

4. Water Most important nutrient
Animals can go without food for several days, but can only survive without water for ~3 days
Vital for proper body functions
Makes up 55-65% of an animal’s body
Purposes:
Dissolves and transports other nutrients
aids in digestion
carries waste from the body
Regulates body temperature and supports breathing

5. Protein
Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Purpose:
Develop and repairing body organs and tissues (i.e.: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers)
Important in the reproduction process of the developing fetus, transmitting DNA, and development of young

6. Carbohydrates Important in converting of food into energy
Carbohydrates are made up of chemical elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Types:
sugars, starch, fiber
Purpose:
Supports body functions, breathing, digesting, etc.
Stores fat, and produces heat for body warmth

7. Fats
Contains the same chemical elements of C, H, & O as carbs, but in different combinations
Purpose:
Provides energy
contains 2.25 times more energy than carbs/protein
Aid in absorbing fat soluble vitamins
Provide essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

8. Vitamins
Organic substances designated by the letters A, B, C, D, E, and K.
Needed for specific biochemical reactions.
Needed in very small amounts
Purpose:
Needed for regulating the digestive system, absorption, and metabolism

9. Minerals Inorganic Purpose:
Supply the material for building bones, teeth, the skeleton
Producing body regulators such as enzymes and hormones. Minerals are divided into two
Divided into TWO groups
Macro minerals
seven major minerals needed in largest quantity
most likely lacking in the ration
Micro minerals
nine trace minerals that are only needed in small amounts

10. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
Slow Growth
Common w/ALL
Water
Body becomes overheated
Slow down in normal body function
Protein
Growth and repair of tissues suffers
Anorexia, anemia, edema; slow growth rate, low birth weight, lower milk production, decreased feed efficiency
Carbohydrate
Lack of energy/body heat
Fat
Lack of energy
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is affected
Vitamin
Body functions are affected
Mineral
Lower rate of gain, feed inefficiency, decreased milk/egg/wool production, decreased reproduction,

11. Major Way Nutrients are used
Maintenance
Rations high in carbohydrates and fats designed to keep animal constant with no gain or loss of weight.
Growth
Rations high in energy and protein so as to increase the animal’s body size.
Reproduction ration
A ration that contains the largest amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins of any ration
Reproduction rations improve conception rates and breeding ability for males and females and are important for producing live, healthy offspring that have a good birth weight.
Lactation
Rations for lactating (milk producing) females encourage large milk production and are high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus (same nutrients contained in the milk).
Work and activity
Rations need increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates to supply the extra energy needed to perform (example: hunting dog chasing game).

12. Nutrition Terms Diet Ration Feed and water an animal receives
Amount and type is based on: 1 – what animal needs, 2 – what nutrients are in feed
Must be palatable
Ration
Feed that contains right proportion of nutrients
“Balanced ration”

13. Feed Classification Roughages Concentrates Supplements Leaves & plants
Recommended for small animals b/c high in energy & protein
High Energy Diet
Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
High Protein Diet
Soybean oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal
Supplements
If needed