1. Chapter 10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Psychology
Chapter 10 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
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2. How do you know when you are motivated?
Motivation is the process that starts, directs, and sustains activities to meet one’s goals
Extrinsic Motives involve external reward or punishment factors (work for a paycheck)
Intrinsic Motivation: actions are performed for personal or internal reasons ( fun, challenge)
Theories of Motivation include
James - Instinct: innate patterns of behavior
Drives: we’ve got needs (like hunger) and will act to fulfill them (tension if we don’t)

3. FIGURE 10.2
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual, while extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual.

4. FIGURE 10.4
William James proposed the instinct theory of motivation, asserting that behavior is driven by instincts.
In humans, instincts may include behaviors such as an infant’s rooting for a nipple and sucking. (credit b: modification of work by “Mothering Touch”/Flickr)

5. Some needs are primary (survival related)
Some needs are secondary (learned habits)
Bodies prefer a state of homeostasis
McClelland maps out some social needs:
Need for achievement - accomplishment
Need for affiliation: + interactions with others
Need for intimacy – deep meaningful relationships
Bandura notes that we need self efficacy
Arousal Theory explains curiosity, playing
Then we’ve got the Yerkes – Dodson law...
An ideal level of arousal depends on the nature of the task. Too much or too little can be a problem

6. FIGURE 10.7
Task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle range, with difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal.

7. Maslow has a hierarchy of needs
These pyramid from bottom to top, and from physiological to security, then to social, then esteem, and finally to self actualization
Okay, enough theories. Let’s chat about hunger
Physical mechanisms initiate it, like an empty stomach, low blood sugar, and hormones from the pancreas and liver.
The pancreas & liver also signal satiation, along with one’s fat cells releasing leptin
Ultimately several areas in the hypothalamus & the hindbrain modulate feeding behavior

8. FIGURE 10.8
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is illustrated here. In some versions of the pyramid, cognitive and aesthetic needs are also included between esteem and self-actualization. Others include another tier at the top of the pyramid for self-transcendence.

9. What else should we know about eating?
Our weight is often stable around a set point
Not so easy with my Basal Metabolic rate changing over time and based on activity levels
Other factors that contribute to hunger include:
Conditioned factors, gender and culture
The appeal level of the food, and eating for comfort as well as other emotional reasons
Obesity is a growing problem here
Using the BMI as a guideline has issues
Bariatric surgery may help with weight loss

10. FIGURE 10.11
Gastric banding surgery creates a small pouch of stomach, reducing the size of the stomach that can be used for digestion.

11. Any problems associated with eating?
We lead the world in obesity rates. At least 1/3 of U.S. adults are 20% or more overweight
Hereditary factors can double/triple my odds, so some kids are genetically pre-disposed
Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome may help us learn to manage excess eating
At the other end of the spectrum, we’ve got eating disorders like Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating disorder (guilt & embarrassment)
And Anorexia Nervosa with dysmorphia

12. Enough eating. Let’s talk about sex!
The hypothalamus motivates this too?
And don’t forget the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens, and sex hormones from gonads
Kinsey’s surveys helps us discover what behaviors males & females are engaging in
Masturbation is okay, and he scaled sexual orientation on a continuum
Homosexual acts are not so uncommon
His research had sampling and statistical errors

13. What else do we know about sex?
Masters and Johnson get really scientific
They watch hundreds of people during the act, and take lots of measurements
Based on all this, they map out the sexual response cycle. We’ve got four phases:
The Excitement phase
The Plateau Phase
The Orgasm
The Resolution Phase
Men also have a Refractory Period

14. FIGURE 10.17
This graph illustrates the different phases of the sexual response cycle as described by Masters and Johnson.

15. What about sexual orientation & gender?
Kinsey reports between 3% & 10% identify as homosexual (attracted to same sex) or bisexual (attracted to both sexes)
Orientation is something we are born with
Genes, brain structure & function contribute
Gay conversion therapy doesn’t work
Gender identity: my sense of being male or female. Sometimes we get a mismatch
Gender dysphoria may lead to transgender surgery and/or hormone therapy

16. FIGURE 10.19
Chaz Bono, a transgender male, is a well-known person who transitioned from female to male. (a) In the 1970s, the world knew Chaz as Chastity Bono, the daughter of the famous entertaining duo Sonny and Cher; here young Chastity is pictured with Sonny. (b) Later in life, Chaz transitioned to align his physical body with his gender identity. (credit b: modification of work by “dvsross”/Flickr)

17. What about Emotions?
The 3 essential components are physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and my subjective experience/feeling. Moods?
James-Lange: emotion arises from a unique physiological arousal state
Cannon-Bard: arousal state and emotion arise simultaneously
Schachter-Singer: physiological arousal plus cognitive appraisal (label) - includes consideration of the context
Lazarus: stimulus leads to appraisal, which then leads to physiological arousal

18. This figure illustrates the major assertions of the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theories of emotion. (credit “snake”: modification of work by “tableatny”/Flickr; credit “face”: modification of work by Cory Zanker)

19. What are the biological factors that contribute to emotion?
The hypothalamus triggers the sympathetic nervous system (remember fight or flight?)
The thalamus relays information to higher cortical areas and the amygdala
Within the amygdala the basolateral complex & central nucleus contribute to processing emotional information
The hippocampus integrates the emotional experience with cognition
Our own facial expressions and body language also influence emotion. Smile!

20. FIGURE 10.23
The anatomy of the basolateral complex and central nucleus of the amygdala are illustrated in this diagram.

21. Culture influences emotional expressions
Some expressions are universal, like contempt
anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, happiness
(credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)

22. Toddlers can cycle through emotions quickly, being (a) extremely happy one moment and (b) extremely sad the next. (credit a: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk; credit b: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk)
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