1. Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck Lutgens 

2. 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
 Renewable resources can be replenished over short spans of time (within your life).
 Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate.

3. 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
Fossil Fuels
4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
 Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas.

4. Anticlines Are Common Oil Traps

5. 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
Tar Sands and Oil Shale
4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
Fuels from tar sand and oil shales could be a substitute for petroleum supplies.
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6. 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
Formation of Mineral Deposits
4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources
 Some occur through igneous processes and hydrothermal solutions.
Ore is a useful metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit.
Nonmetalic mineral resources are also extracted and processed.

7. Mineral-Rich Hot Water Seeps into Rock Fractures

8. Uses of Nonmetallic Minerals

9. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Solar Energy
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
 Solar energy has two advantages:
1. Solar energy’s “fuel” is free.
2. Solar energy is non-polluting.

10. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Nuclear Energy
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
 Nuclear Fission - nuclei of heavy atoms (uranium-235) are bombarded with neutrons.
 The nuclei split into smaller nuclei emitting neutrons and heat energy.

11. Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant

12. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Wind Energy
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
In the future wind could meet 5 to 10 percent of electricity needs.

13. Wind Turbines

14. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Hydroelectric Power
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
 Hydroelectric power generated by falling water.
 Water held in a reservoir behind a dam is released to produce electric power.
 The water drives turbines and electric generators.

15. Glen Canyon Dam

16. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Geothermal Energy
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
 Geothermal energy harnessed from underground reservoirs of steam and hot water.
 Hot water is used for heating and to turn turbines that generate electric power.

17. The Geysers Is the World’s Largest Electrical Geothermal Facility

18. 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
Tidal Power
4.2 Alternate Energy Sources
 Tidal power - harnessed from a dam across a bay or an estuary in coastal areas.
 The in-and-out flow drives turbines and electric generators.

19. Tidal Dams

20. 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
The Water Planet
4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
 We need fresh water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and growing food.

21. 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
The Water Planet
4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
 Freshwater Pollution
Point source pollution comes from a known and specific location, such as factory pipes.
Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that does not have a specific point of origin.
Runoff is water that flows over land carrying nonpoint source pollution.

22. Major Types of Water Pollution

23. 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
Earth’s Blanket of Air
4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
 The atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth.
 Pollution in the Air
Increasing CO2 has altered the carbon cycle contributing to global warming—the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere.
Pollutants in the air are converted into acids that are a major cause of acid precipitation.

24. Major Primary Pollutants and Their Sources

25. 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources
 Land provides soil, forests,minerals,and energy resources
 Damage to Land Resources
Mines destroy, soil, vegetation, and Earth’s contours.
They cause soil erosion and pollution that contaminates soil and water and destroys ecosystems.

26. Surface Mining Destroys Earth’s Surface

27. 4.4 Protecting Resources Keeping Water Clean and Safe
 Conservation is the careful use of resources.

28. 4.4 Protecting Resources Keeping Water Clean and Safe
 1970’s several laws were passed to prevent or decrease pollution and protect resources.
Clean Water Act (CWA) required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution into surface waters.
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 helped protect drinking resources.

29. Preventing Water Pollution

30. 4.4 Protecting Resources Protecting the Air
 In the 1970’s, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, the nation’s most important air pollution law.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established for six “criteria” pollutants known to cause health problems – carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates (fine particles).

31. Saving Energy

32. 4.4 Protecting Resources Caring for Land Resources
 Protecting land resources involves preventing pollution and managing land resources wisely.
Compost is partly decomposed organic material that can be used as fertilizer.
Recycling is the collecting and processing of used items so that they can be made into new products.