1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism,
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. Proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles.

3. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon not allowed to stand for re-election, so he seizes government by force—Viva la France, viva Napoleon….
Restores universal male suffrage and asks for the presidency for 10 years….viva la France…one year later the empire is restored and he assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852
Authoritarian government, Economic prosperity through government loans, Reconstruction of Paris (broad streets, etc.)
Opposition brought about some liberalization
(Freedom of press, budget debates, etc.)

4. Emperor Napoleon III.
On December 2, 1852, Louis Napoleon took the title of Napoleon III and then proceeded to create an authoritarian monarchy. As opposition to his policies intensified in the 1860s, Napoleon III began to liberalize his government. A disastrous military defeat at the hands of Prussia in 1870–1871, however, brought the collapse of his regime.
p. 671

6. Paris Transformed.
These two photographs, both of L’avenue de l’Opéra, show the degree of destruction that was needed to create the grand boulevards and monuments of late-nineteenth-century Paris. The first photograph was taken in 1865, and the second is from the 1880s. Evident in the latter photograph are the new uniform buildings, gas street lamps, and broad boulevards that linked the city’s great cultural sites, such as the Opéra, shown in the background, the most expensive building constructed during the Second Empire.
p. 719

7. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Loss of territory
Crimean War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia (an excuse to expand into the Balkans)
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Destroys the Concert of Europe established by the Congress of Vienna.
War ends in March, 1856
Political effects of the war—it would open the way for Germany and Italy to unite and this would change the balance of power in Europe.

8. Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
The decline in Ottoman fortunes began in 1699 with major losses to the Austrian Empire. The slide accelerated in the nineteenth century with nationalist revolts in the European provinces and defeat in the Crimean War. Being on the losing side in World War I would complete its destruction.
Q What is the relationship between distance from Constantinople and date of independence, and how can you explain it?
Map 22-1, p. 674

9. The Crimean War.
p. 675

10. Florence Nightingale.
Florence Nightingale is shown caring for wounded British soldiers in the military hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War. After a British journalist, W. H. Russell, issued a scathing denunciation of the quality of medical care afforded to wounded British soldiers, the British government allowed Nightingale to take a group of nurses to the Crimean warfront. Through her efforts in the Crimean War, Nightingale helped make nursing an admirable profession for middle-class women. At the right is a photograph of Nightingale.
p. 675

11. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont & Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel II, (Constitutional monarchist & Nationalist)
Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III makes alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria in 1859, but Napoleon backs down after Austria turns to Prussia for support.
Northern Italian states join Piedmont and they win Lombardy but not Venetia.
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
The leader of the Red Shirts (Republican & Nationalist)
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Cavour sends Victor Emmanuel to meet Garibaldi….
Kingdom of Italy established on March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia in 1866
Annexation of Rome 1870

12. Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy.
Piedmont under the able guidance of Count Camillo di Cavour provided the nucleus for Italian unification. Alliances with France and Prussia, combined with the military actions of republican nationalists like Giuseppe Garibaldi, led to complete unification in 1870.
Q Taking geographic factors and size of population into account, which of the countries shown on this map would likely have posed the greatest military threat to the new Italian state?
Map 22-2, p. 676

13. Garibaldi Arrives in Sicily.
The Italian nationalists’ dream of a united Italian state finally became a reality by An important figure in the cause of unification was Giuseppe Garibaldi, a determined Italian patriot. Garibaldi is shown here in his red shirt in a portrait done by Silvestro Lega.
p. 677

14. Chronology, p. 677

15. The Unification of Germany
William I King of Prussia,
Zollverein (German customs union---except Austria)
Wanted military reforms/reorganization of the army
Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck ( )
Realpolitik (negotiate, if it fails— use war)
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein (part of the German Confederation) annexed by the Danes.
Austria & Prussia go to war with Denmark
Two weeks it was over
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Bismarck wants to annex the northern park of the German Confederation
Austrian defeated in seven weeks
Pick up the North German Confederation
Southern Confederation sign an alliance with Prussia—no real choice.
Two Down and one to Go….

16. Map 22.3: The Unification of Germany.
Count Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian prime minister, skillfully combined domestic policies with wars with Denmark, Austria, and France to achieve the creation of the German Empire in 1871.
Q From the perspective of Prussia’s increasing its military power and ability to rule all parts of its lands, which was more important: formation of the North German Confederation or absorption of the South German Confederation?
Map 22-3, p. 680

17. Otto von Bismarck.
Otto von Bismarck played a major role in leading Prussia to achieve the unification of the German states into a new German Empire, proclaimed on January 18, Bismarck then became chancellor of the new Germany. This photograph of Bismarck was taken in 1874, when he was at the height of his power and prestige.
p. 679

18. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain family of Hohenzollern or Bourbon.
Napoleon objects to German heir and William I concedes. Napoleon demands an apology and William I gives a telegram to Bismarck to send. Bismarck edits the “Ems” telegram to insult Napoleon and the French People.
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan on September 2, 1870, and Siege of Paris on January 28, France capitulates.
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation as part of Prussia
Prussia then annexes the French territories of Alsace & Lorraine
William I proclaimed Kaiser on January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire (Reich).

19. Chronology, p. 682

20. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871.
By 1871, most of the small states of Europe had been absorbed into larger ones, leaving the major powers uncomfortably rubbing shoulders with one another. Meanwhile, the power equation was shifting: the German Empire increased in power while Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire declined.
Q Of the great powers, which had the greatest overall exposure to the others in terms of shared borders and sea access?
Map 22-4, p. 683

21. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities

22. Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy, 1867.
Nationalism continued to be a problem in the Austrian Empire after the suppression of the 1848–1849 revolutions. Military defeats led Emperor Francis Joseph to create the Dual Monarchy, giving Hungary power over its domestic affairs. The demands of other ethnic minorities went largely unmet, however.
Q Which ethnic group was most widely dispersed throughout the Dual Monarchy?
Map 22-5, p. 684

23. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Problems with emancipation
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Growing dissatisfaction
Alexander III ( )

24. Emancipation of the Serfs.
On March 3, 1861, Tsar Alexander II issued an edict emancipating the Russia serfs. This watercolor by Alexei Kivshenko shows the tsar proclaiming the emancipation.
p. 685

25. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic Growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867

26. The coronation of Victoria (Emily Blunt) as the queen of England.
p. 687

27. Queen Victoria and Her Family.
Queen Victoria, who ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901, married her German first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in 1840 and subsequently gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who married into a number of European royal families. When she died at age eighty-one, she had thirty-seven greatgrandchildren. Victoria is seated at the center of this 1881 photograph, surrounded by members of her family.
p. 688

28. Table 22-1, p. 688

29. Chronology, p. 690

30. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
The ideas of Karl Marx “Marxism” is a combination of German philosophy and French socialism. Marx combined Hegel’s concept of dialectics (thesis vs antithesis= synthesis). Applied to society--bourgeoisie vs proletariat= revolution.
Now when combined with the basic principle of socialism that some industries need to be government run for the betterment of the people, but amplify it to all business & all private property and this equals communism.

31. Communist Manifesto 1848
All history is the history of class struggle….
A revolution by the Proletariat (workers) would end this, private property would be abolished, and a dictator run the government until everyone was educated to the benefits of Communism.
In the end, there would be a classless society, the government would cease to exist, and everyone would live in one big happy commune.

32. Karl Marx.
Karl Marx was a radical journalist who joined with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto, which proclaimed the ideas of a revolutionary socialism. After the failure of the 1848 revolution in Germany, Marx fled to Britain, where he continued to write and became involved in the work of the first International Working Men’s Association.
p. 691

33. The Anarchist Alternative
The main idea is that people were good and became corrupted by society and the state. True freedom can only come from abolishing the state. No slavery, poverty, wealth, or war , and mankind will live off the earth and nature will provide.
Michael Bakunin ( ) advocated a violent approach to achieve the end of all government existence.
Small radical groups would attack state institutions until faith in the state collapses. No dictatorship of the workers needed as that just keeps the state alive. They used assassinations in Russia, France, Italy and the U.S. but governments did not collapse.

34. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the environment “survival of the fittest”
The Descent of Man, 1871
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

35. A New Age of Science Growth of scientific interest
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator
Growth in belief in science has affect on religious belief— but unlike the Enlightenment, people began to question the existence of a god.

36. A Revolution in Health Care
Louis Pasteur
Pasteurization
New Surgical Practices
Joseph Lister
Anti-sceptic (Listerine)
Hospital gangrene
New Public Health Measures
American Medical Association
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

37. Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic.
This painting, completed in 1875, shows Dr. Samuel Gross, one of the foremost surgeons in the United States, scalpel in hand, pausing midway in surgery on a young man’s leg to discuss the operation with his students in the amphitheater of the Jefferson Medical College. Various tasks are performed by assistant doctors, including the anesthetist, who holds his cloth over the youth’s face. Eakins’s painting is a realistic portrayal of the new medical science at work.
p. 696

38. Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( ) Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield, etc.
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life
Twilight of Romanticism
Franz Liszt
Symphonic Poem
Richard Wagner
The Ring of the Nibelung

39. Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers.
Realism, largely developed by French painters, aimed at a lifelike portrayal of the daily activities of ordinary people. Gustave Courbet was the most famous of the Realist artists. As is evident in The Stonebreakers, he sought to portray things as they really appear. He shows an old road builder and his young assistant in their tattered clothes, engrossed in their dreary work of breaking stones to construct a road. The use of browns and grays helps communicate the drudgery of their task.
p. 699

40. Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners.
Jean-François Millet, another prominent French Realist painter, took a special interest in the daily activities of French peasants, although he tended to transform his peasants into heroic figures who dominated their environment. In The Gleaners, for example, the three peasant women engaged in the backbreaking work of gathering grain left after the harvest still appear as powerful figures, symbolizing the union of humans with the earth.
p. 699

41. Timeline, p. 702

42. Discussion Questions Trace the events that led to the Crimean War.
How does the Crimean War change the relationships of the European nations?
How did nationalism affect Germany, Italy and Austria?
What are some of the contributions of Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister on medicine today.
How important is the issue of German control of Alsace and Lorraine?