1. French Revolution

2. The French Revolution Serious fiscal problems in France
War debts, 1780s
50% of tax revenues to war debts
25% of tax revenues to military
Leads to revolution more radical than the American
Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime

3. #1: Absolute Monarchy
Louis XVI
By A.F. Callet ( )

4. (Bourgeoisie & Working Lower Class)
The First Estate
1% of the Population
(Clergy)
The Second Estate
1.5% - 2% of the Population
(Titled Nobility)
The Third Estate
97- 98% of the Population
(Bourgeoisie & Working Lower Class)
#2: Social Inequality

5. The Estates General Three Estates
1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy
100,000
2nd Estate: Nobles
400,000
3rd Estate: Everyone else
24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents
Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614
One vote per estate

6. By Abbe Sieyes, a clergyman who became a revolutionary, 1789
“What is the Third Estate? All. But an ‘all’ that is fettered (chained) and oppressed. What would it be without the privileged order? It would be all; but free and flourishing. Nothing will go well without the Third Estate; everything would go considerably better without the other two.”

7. #3 Economic Injustices
The cost of maintaining Versailles and expensive wars had the government spending more than it earned. Led to a greater tax burden on the Third Estate.
Bad harvests in 1789 led to widespread starvation.
Inflation.

8. Versailles Court

9. Versailles gardens

10. Marie Antoinette

11. Marie Antoinette's village amusement at the Château de Versailles

12. One of the cottages built in Marie Antoinette's private village

13. #4: The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment thinkers, especially those from France, led many to question France’s absolute monarchy and led to demands for democracy.

14. #5: English and American Examples
England’s Glorious Revolution
The successful fight for liberty and equality in the American Revolution

15. 1789
Protest of nobility forces King Louis to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789
3rd Estate demands greater social change
June, 3rd Estate secedes
Renamed “National Assembly”
July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob

16. Growth of the Power of the Third Estate
National Assembly
National
Constituent
Assembly
Growth of the Power of the Third Estate

17. By Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel ( ), entitled Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille.”)

18. Remains of the Bastille today.

19. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
August 1789
American influence
Equality of men
Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) unsucessfully attempts to redress this in 1791
Sovereignty resides in the people
Individual rights

20. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Written in 1789
Uses American D.O.I. as model
States that all men have natural rights
Declares the job of the gov’t to protect the natural rights of the people
Guarantees all male citizens equality
States freedom of religion
Promises to tax based on how much is affordable

21. The Constitution of 1791
Set up a limited monarchy and representative assembly
Declared the people had natural rights and that it was the job of the government to protect these rights
It put the Church under state control

22. Radicalization of Revolution
“liberty, equality, fraternity”
National Assembly abolishes old social order
Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians
New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority
Convention: elected by universal male suffrage
Levée en masse: conscription for war
Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies
1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette

23. Guillotines

25. Division of the National Convention - 1792
The first was the Girondins, who feared the rule of Paris over France.
Next was the Jacobins who favored domination of Paris. Georges-Jacques Danton and Maximilien Robespierre were two of the most powerful Jacobins.
The third again, were the moderates who would later choose one of the two sides.

26. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
“the Incorruptible,” leader of “Committee of Public Safety”
Leader of Jacobin party
Dominated Convention,
Churches closed, priests forced to marry
Promoted “Cult of Reason” as secular alternative to Christianity
Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1
Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000

27. Perspective of the counter-revolutionaries: "The Radical's Arms", it depicts the infamous guillotine. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner.

28. The Directory (1795-1799) Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins
1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine
Men of property take power in the form of the Directory
Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France

29. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
From minor Corsican noble family
Army officer under King Louis XIV, general at 24
Brilliant military strategist
Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it
Imposed new constitution, named self “Consul for life” in 1802

30. Napoleon in His Study by Jacques-Louis David (1812)
Napoleon as a young officer

31. Napoleonic France Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat
France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy
Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews
1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code
Patriarchal authority
Became model for many civil codes
Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police
Eventually declared himself Emperor

32. Napoleon on his Imperial throne by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, painted 1806.

33. Napoleon’s Empire Conquered Iberian, Italian Peninsulas, Netherlands
Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance
Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812
Burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian weather
“General Winter”
Scorched Earth policy
British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814
Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days
Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821

34. Napoleon's Empire in 1812

36. Louis XVIII

37. The Battle of Waterloo, by William Sadler

38. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Meeting after defeat of Napoleon
Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, ) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire
Established balance of power
Worked to suppress development of nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian