1. Virus Structure, Classification, and Cycles of Infections
Matt Resnick, Riley Fosnot, Adam Fields, Brandon Archibald

2. Overview
What is a virus? - What is the structure of a virus?
What are the different kinds of viruses? - How do these viruses function?
Lytic vs Lysogenic infections 
Vaccinations effects on viruses

3. What is a Virus?
A microscopic, nonliving particle that survives off of host-cells
Simple structure made up of proteins and genetic material
Unable to survive on its own
Reproduces by binding to living cells and spreading genetic material
Kill host cells as they spread. MR

4. How do viruses differ
All viruses look different in terms of size and structure
Capsid membranes vary in thickness
Genetic material varies from tens to hundreds of genes.
Proteins can only bind to one specific type of host cell MR

6. 2 universal virus structures
1. Capsid- Protein coat that encases the genetic material of a virus
Hard outer layer which protects the genetic material and binds to host cell
2. Genetic Material- DNA or RNA 
Enters cell and reproduces to make new viruses
Kill host cells by spreading genetic material MR

7. Are Viruses considered living?
No, don't fit criteria for a living organism
Not made of cells and cannot reproduce on their own
Don’t have a metabolism and don't maintain homeostasis
Don't grow and develop MR

8. Adenovirus A virus which infects adenoid cells
Include: eye lining, intestines, throat
Respiratory infection which affects mostly children
Sore throat, pink eye, diarrhea, cough
Usually goes away in a few days on by ITSELF RF

9. Bacteriophage
A virus that infects BACTERIA by attaching to the surface of the bacteria
Inserts it's on DNA and begins replicating
Can turn harmless bacteria into harmful bacteria
Food poisoning & Bacterial Infections 
Usually resolves itself in a few days  RF

10. Retrovirus Infects host(T-Cells) by RNA (Reverse Transcriptase)
Takes over cell and replicates 
Disease: HIV --> AIDS
Medicine used to stop multiplying HIV cell RF

11. Reverse Transcriptase
How retroviruses infect host cell
Turn RNA into DNA
Using the virus RNA implanted into nucleus RF

12. Lytic Infections Virus enters the bacteria cell and duplicates
Causes cell to burst and breakdown "lyse"
Injects DNA beginning mRNA process 
RNA translated into viral proteins and destroy cell DNA
Host cell = Destroyed AF

13. Lysogenic Infections Host cell is not immediately taken over
Viral nucleic acid inserted in host cell's DNA (Prophage)
Copied along w/ host cell DNA
Viral DNA and host cells multiply
Daughter cells derive from original
host DNA AF

14. Prophage Bacteriophage DNA imbeds in bacterial host DNA
Prophage may remain in host DNA for generations
Triggered by radiation, heat, and certain chemicals
Removes from host cell DNA to direct synthesis of virus
Lysogenic infection becomes active lytic infection AF

15. Viral Genes are Transcribed by host cell
Lytic 
Lysogenic
Viral Genes are Transcribed by host cell
Proteins and nucleic acids assemble new viruses
Virus injects DNA into bacterium
Create Prophage
Viral DNA inserts itself in bacterial chromosome
Prophage may replicate w/ bacterium
Virus infection cycle
Can cause spreading to body
 can have a prophage AF

16. Why Vaccinate?
Vaccination: The injection of a killed microbe that stimulates the immune system to fight the microbe
Parents of vaccinated children argue of the lasting benefits of vaccination
Viruses that once killed thousands of people have been eliminated or close to extinction
Immunization is the objective of vaccines
Vaccinations are done by injections  BA

17. The Numbers
There has been a steady decline in deaths caused by vaccinated preventable diseases
In the 1980's, there had been 350,000 cases of polio each year
There were 42 cases of polio in 2016
2-3 million deaths have been avoided due to vaccination 
Vaccines cost $.10-$20 in developing countries BA

18. Why Not Vaccinate?
 Parents are concerned about vaccines containing toxins
Mercury, aluminum salt, and formaldehyde
"Vaccines cause autism"
Vaccine manufacturers can’t be sued for making kids sick/big pharma. BA

19. Research
 8 children whose first symptoms of autism appeared a month after receiving an MMR vaccine.
MMR vaccine caused intestinal inflammation 
Nonpermeable peptides make into bloodstream
44 samples of vaccines found dangerous contaminants BA

20. ABC's
What are two characteristics of a virus? A. Comprised of cells and reproduce B. Kill living cells and maintain homeostasis C. Grow and reproduce D. Nonliving and survive off of host cell

21. ABC's
Viruses are particles that are made up of 2 structures, ________ and ________. A. DNA and RNA B. Capsid and Genetic Material C. Head and Tail D. Capsid and Membrane MR

22. ABC's
Adenovirus affects MAINLY what group of people? A. Young children B. Old people C. People of European decent D. People who contract the H.I.V. virus RF

23. ABC's
Retroviruses affect what type of cells? A. Adenoid cells B. Throat, intestines, eye lining, etc. C. T-Cells D. All of the above RF

24. The bursting and breaking down of a cell is known as what?
ABC's
The bursting and breaking down of a cell is known as what?
A. Prophage
B. Lytic Infection
C. Lyse
D. Denaturing AF

25. ABC's
When viral nucleic acid is inserted into a host cell it is called a...?
A. Prophage
B. Viral Protein
C. Lysogenic Infection
D. Virus AF

26. Which dead microorganism is present within vaccinations?
ABC’s
Which dead microorganism is present within vaccinations?
A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Protozoa D. Microbe MR

27. ABC's A. Blindness B. Autism C. Diabetes D. Heart disease
What is one of the major concerns associated with vaccines by anti- vaccinators?
      A. Blindness
 B. Autism
    C. Diabetes
             D. Heart disease BA

28. Overview
What is a virus? - What is the structure of a virus?
What are the different kinds of viruses? - How do these viruses function?
Lytic vs Lysogenic infections 
Vaccinations effects on viruses