1. Physical Science Chapter 19
Elements and Their Properties 1

2. How to Count Atoms
The symbol of an element represents one atom of that element. Ex. Ba =1 atom of barium
A subscript is a number written at the lower right corner behind the symbol of an element. If there is more than one atom of the element, then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms Ex. Cl2 – 2 atoms of chlorine
A subscript outside a parenthesis multiples all the elements inside the parenthesis Ex. Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 calcium, 2 Phosphorus, and 8 oxygen atoms.

3. How to Count Atoms
A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of that element or number of molecules Ex. 3C =3 carbon atoms NaSO4 = 2 sodium, 2 sulfur and 8 oxygen atoms
A subscript is a number wirtten after an atom in a formula and indicates the number of atoms of that kind in the molecule Ex. H2SO4 The subscript of H =2 and subscript of O = 4.
Note: A coefficient multiples the number of atoms of each element in the formula.
More Practice Now

4. 19:1
Metals conduct heat and electricity, reflect light (luster); are malleable -__________________-- are ductile -_________________-- ionic bonding --combine with nonmetals by losing electrons-,
Can be hammered or rolled into sheets
Can be drawn into wires
Video 1.a Metals 6.31 2

5. 19:1 Quick Notes
Metallic bonding (positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 3

6. 19:1 Quick Notes
B. Alkali Metals are softer and more reactive than other metals; highly reactive with ________ & _________; combine readily with other elements due to _______ electron in outer energy level; they have multiple use:
oxygen
water
single 6

7. Human health– Photocells– Francium- 19:1 Quick Notes
sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds
Human health–
Photocells–
Francium-
rubidium or cesium
A radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy 7

8. Alkali Metals

9. C. The Alkaline Earth Metals
are _____ found naturally in elemental form: ______ electrons
in outer energy level.
not
two
Alkaline Earth Metals 6

10. a. Applications— 19:1 Quick Notes
Stontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops. 10

11. 19:1 Quick Notes
b. Human body—
Calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment. 11

12. Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements
19:1 Quick Notes
Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements
Typically form colored compounds—chromium is found in rubies and emeralds; 12

13. Iron Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____.
19:1 Quick Notes
Iron, cobalt, and nickel
Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____.
i. _________-- most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust.
_______ and nickel – used in some steel
_____ used to coat other metals.
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel

14. Iron Triad

15. 19:1 Quick Notes
coinage
Copper, silver, gold --__________ metals since once were commonly used in coins.
i. ______________ used in electrical wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor.
Copper 15

16. ___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry.
19:1 Quick Notes
Silver
___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry.
_____________ used in jewelry.
Gold 16

17. Coinage Metals

18. Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table.
19:1 Quick Notes
Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table.
i. Zinc and cadmium are often used to coat or plate other metals.
ii. ________ only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries. 12
Mercury 18

19. Zinc Group 12
Period 6 here.

20. 19:1 Quick Notes
E. Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table.
a. The Lanthanides—include _______, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium.
lanthanum 20

21. 19:1 Quick Notes
b. The _________________--all are radioactive and __________, ____________ is the best known.
Actinides
unstable
uranium
7 Lanthanide and Actinide Series .47 21

22. Inner Transition Metals

23. 19:2 Quick Notes
A. Properties of nonmetals—usually gases or ______ solids at room temperature; are not ________ or ____________; usually poor _____________ of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous.
brittle
malleable
ductile
conductors

24. 19:2 Quick Notes
Ionic compounds—form when nonmetals gain _______ from metals and become ____________ ions.
Covalent compounds-form when nonmetals share electrons with other ________________.
electrons
negative
nonmetals 24

25. 19:2 Quick Notes
Hydrogen
__________-- most common element in the universe. About 90% of all atoms in the universe are Hydrogen.
a. A _________ ______-- two atoms of the same element in covalent bond.
Period 4 here.
Diatomic molecule

26. Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water.
19:2 Quick Notes
Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water.
Halogens --include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine.
How Chlorine Bonds
10 Nobel Gases 1.15
9 Halogens .44 26

27. 19:2 Quick Notes
salt
1. A _________ forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal. 27

28. Chlorine Iodine 2. Uses of halogens
19:2 Quick Notes
2. Uses of halogens
i. ___________- disinfectant and bleach
ii. __________ dyes in cosmetics
iii. ________ hormone regulation.
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine 28

29. Halogens

30. 19:2 Quick Notes
Sublimation
c. ___________ a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. 30

31. helium Neon Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms.
19:2 Quick Notes
Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms.
a. ________--used in blimps and balloons.
b. ______, argon, and krypton—used in lights.
helium
Neon

32. Noble Gases

33. 19:3 Quick Notes
A. Properties of ___________-- form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them ______________ characteristics.
Metalloids
semiconductor 33

34. 19:3 Quick Notes
Boron
The ____________ Group—named for the first element in Group 13.
a. ___________ used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels.
Boron 34

35. 19:3 Quick Notes
Aluminum
b. _____________ --abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft. 35

36. Boron Group

37. carbon The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level.
19:3 Quick Notes
The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level.
a. _____________ found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods
carbon 4
carbon
13CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead 37

38. 19:3 Quick Notes
Silicon occurs as an ________- same element with different molecular structures.
i. ___________ found in sand, rocks and soil.
allotrope
silicon 38

39. c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors.
19:3 Quick Notes
The main component in ___________ which conduct electricity under certain conditions.
c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors.
semiconductors
Germanium 39

40. Tin allotropes ______________-- used to coat other metals.
19:3 Quick Notes
Tin
______________-- used to coat other metals.
Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all _________________ of carbon.
allotropes 40

41. Group 14
Carbon Group

42. 19:3 Quick Notes
Nitrogen
The __________ Group-- ____ electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds.
a. _________ used to make nitrates and ammonia. 15
Nitrogen
14NitrogenGroup 1.22

43. bismuth Antimony Phosphorus
19:3 Quick Notes
Phosphorus
_____________ - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china.
__________ and ___________ used with other metals to lower their melting points.
bismuth
Antimony 43

44. Group 15
Nitrogen Group

45. Oxygen Oxygen The ___________ Group or Group 16.
19:3 Quick Notes
Oxygen
The ___________ Group or Group 16.
a. ____________ makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration and provides protection from the sun’s radiation.
Oxygen
15OxygenFamily .58 45

46. 19:3 Quick Notes
Sulfur
______________ is used to form sulfides for pigment in paint.
_____________ is used in photocopiers and multivitamins.
_________ & _________ are also in the oxygen group.
Selenium
Tellurium
polonium 46

47. Group 16
Oxygen Group

48. 19:3 Quick Notes
Synthetic
F. ____________ Elements—scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly. 48

49. 19:3 Quick Notes
Uranium can be made into _____________ which forms plutonium when it disintegrates.
_______________elements have more than _____ protons and are synthetic and unstable.
neptunium
Transuranium 92 49

50. Synthetic Elements
Plutonium also can be changed to americium, element 95. This element is used in home smoke detectors.

51. 19:3 Quick Notes
The study of synthesized elements help scientists to understand the forces holding the __________ together.
Element 114 lasted for ______ seconds.
nucleus 30 51

52. repulsion It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons.
19:3 Quick Notes
It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons.
It broke apart due to enormous __________ between protons.
175
repulsion 52

53. Review For Test
Fluorine
_____________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements.
When metals share their outermost electrons with a _____________the metal and nonmetal become more chemically stable.
nonmetal

54. Extra Review
______are good conductors of electricity because their outer-level electrons are weakly held.
The most reactive of all metals are the _______
*** Substances that conduct an electric current under certain conditions are ___________.
Metals
alkali.
metalloids

55. Extra Review
In metallic bonding positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of _________
____________are used to make compounds used in the motion picture industry.
**Metals can be used as wire because they are _________.
electrons.
Lanthanides
ductilee

56. Extra Review
A metal bolt with a mass of 26.6 g is placed in a 50 ml graduated cylinder containing water. The water level in the cylinder rises from 27.0 ml to 30.5 ml. What is the density of the bolt in g/cm3?
D = M/V V=30.5 – 27 = D = 26.6 / 3.5 = 7.6 g/cm3

57. Extra Review
A person has a mass of 68.3 kg. If 65% of the mass of a human body is oxygen, what is the mass of oxygen in this person’s body?
68.3 x 65% = kg

58. Review
At room temperature most metals are ________. The process by which solid iodine particles change directly to gas without first becoming a liquid is called_____________. Elements that form salts by combining with metals are ____________.
solids
sublimation
halogens

59. halogens transition elements.
Review
Hydrogen
__________ is grouped with the alkali metals because it has one electron in its outer energy level.
A chemical family whose members exist as reactive diatomic molecules in the gaseous phase is the _________.
The elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are the ______________________.
halogens
transition elements.

60. The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is____________.
Review
A family of elements that has two electrons in its outer energy level is the ______________.
Elements in which the outer electrons are not held tightly are most likely to form ______________ bonds.
The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is____________.
alkaline earth metals
metallic
mercury

61. Review
Cobalt, iron and nickle are known as the ____________________.
Three transition elements in Group _____are mercury, zinc and cadmium.
Elements that lie along the stair-step line of the PT are metalloids.
A family of elements that contains the most reactive metals is the _______ metals.
iron triad 12
alkali

62. Review
Elements that have more than 92 protons are known as the ___________ elements.
___________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements.
The most reactive of all metals are the alkali.
____________ are used to make compounds used in motion pictures.
Transuranium
Fluorine
Lanthanides

63. Review
Magnesium and stontium are found in fireworks and give them the brilliant ____________color.
________is a very hard metal used in steel production. Small amounts of this element is needed by the human body for healthy blood.
***The noble gases are in group _____.
white
Iron 18

64. Ionic Hydrogen allotropes
Review
Ionic
_________compounds form when nonmentals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions.
_____________ is the most common element in the universe.
Different forms of the same element that have different chemical arrangements are called _________________.
Hydrogen
allotropes

65. **Radioactive elements comprise a majority of the _________.
**An element whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy is a __________ element.
actinides
radioactive

66. Inner Transition Elements
Hydrogen
Noble Gases
Nitrogen Group
Carbon Group
Halogens
Alkaki Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Boron Group
Oxygen Group
Iron Triad
Zinc Group
Coinage
Lanthanide Series
Inner Transition Elements
Actinide Series