DC Choppers 1 MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

DC Choppers 1 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics DC Choppers MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 1 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Introduction Chopper is a static device.
Power Electronics Introduction Chopper is a static device. A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc voltage source. Also known as dc-to-dc converter. Widely used for motor control. Also used in regenerative braking. Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 2 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Choppers are of Two Types
Power Electronics Choppers are of Two Types Step-down choppers. Step-up choppers. In step down chopper output voltage is less than input voltage. In step up chopper output voltage is more than input voltage. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 3 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Principle Of Step-down Chopper
Power Electronics Principle Of Step-down Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 4 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

A step-down chopper with resistive load.
Power Electronics A step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across the load When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 5 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

6 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 6 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics Methods Of Control The output dc voltage can be varied by the following methods. Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation. Variable frequency control. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 13 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Pulse Width Modulation
Power Electronics Pulse Width Modulation tON is varied keeping chopping frequency ‘f’ & chopping period ‘T’ constant. Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time tON MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 14 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Variable Frequency Control
Power Electronics Variable Frequency Control Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping either tON or tOFF constant. To obtain full output voltage range, frequency has to be varied over a wide range. This method produces harmonics in the output and for large tOFF load current may become discontinuous MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 16 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Step-down Chopper With R-L Load
Power Electronics Step-down Chopper With R-L Load MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 18 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.
Power Electronics When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load. Current flows from supply to load. When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the same direction through FWD due to energy stored in inductor ‘L’. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 19 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics Load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending on the values of ‘L’ and duty cycle ‘d’ For a continuous current operation, load current varies between two limits Imax and Imin When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when current reduces to Imin. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 20 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Principle Of Step-up Chopper
Power Electronics Principle Of Step-up Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 22 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply.
Power Electronics Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than the input voltage V. The values of L and C are chosen depending upon the requirement of output voltage and current. When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply. The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy during the ON time of the chopper, tON. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 23 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Therefore voltage across load is given by
Power Electronics When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow through the diode D and load for a period, tOFF. The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L. Therefore voltage across load is given by MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 24 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the source.
Power Electronics A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load, will provide a continuous output voltage . Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the source. Step up choppers are used for regenerative braking of dc motors. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 25 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Expression For Output Voltage
Power Electronics Expression For Output Voltage MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 26 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Performance Parameters
Power Electronics Performance Parameters The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to turn ON and turn OFF. Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min. & max. value, limiting the min. and max. value of the output voltage. Ripple in the load current depends inversely on the chopping frequency, f. To reduce the load ripple current, frequency should be as high as possible. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 31 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Classification Of Choppers
Power Electronics Classification Of Choppers Choppers are classified as Class A Chopper Class B Chopper Class C Chopper Class D Chopper Class E Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 32 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class A Chopper 33 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Class A Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 33 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the load.
Power Electronics When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the load. When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load current continues to flow in the same direction through the FWD. The average values of output voltage and current are always positive. Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper . MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 34 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

It is used to control the speed of dc motor.
Power Electronics Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in which power always flows form source to load. It is used to control the speed of dc motor. The output current equations obtained in step down chopper with R-L load can be used to study the performance of Class A Chopper. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 35 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class B Chopper 37 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Class B Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 37 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

During the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores energy.
Power Electronics When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a direction opposite to that shown in figure. During the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores energy. When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and part of the energy stored in inductor L is returned to the supply. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 38 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Average output voltage is positive.
Power Electronics Average output voltage is positive. Average output current is negative. Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second quadrant. In this chopper, power flows from load to source. Class B Chopper is used for regenerative braking of dc motor. Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 39 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class C Chopper 41 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Class C Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 41 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B Choppers.
Power Electronics Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B Choppers. For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2 conducts. For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or D1 conducts. When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive. The output voltage is equal to ‘V’ & the load receives power from the source. When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in inductance L forces current to flow through the diode D2 and the output voltage is zero. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 42 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Current continues to flow in positive direction.
Power Electronics Current continues to flow in positive direction. When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces current to flow in opposite direction through L and CH2 . The output voltage is zero. On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the inductance drives current through diode D1 and the supply Output voltage is V, the input current becomes negative and power flows from load to source. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 43 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Average output voltage is positive
Power Electronics Average output voltage is positive Average output current can take both positive and negative values. Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON simultaneously as it would result in short circuiting the supply. Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor control and regenerative braking of dc motor. Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or step-down chopper. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 44 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class D Chopper 46 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Class D Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 46 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class D is a two quadrant chopper.
Power Electronics Class D is a two quadrant chopper. When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and output current flows through the load. When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current continues to flow in the same direction through load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy stored in the inductor L. Output voltage vO = - V . MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 47 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Average output voltage becomes negative if tON < tOFF .
Power Electronics Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON time is more than the OFF time Average output voltage becomes negative if tON < tOFF . Hence the direction of load current is always positive but load voltage can be positive or negative. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 48 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class E Chopper 51 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Class E Chopper MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 51 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Four Quadrant Operation
Power Electronics Four Quadrant Operation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 52 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Class E is a four quadrant chopper
Power Electronics Class E is a four quadrant chopper When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output current iO flows in positive direction through CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V. This gives the first quadrant operation. When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2 and D3 in the same direction, but output voltage vO = -V. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 53 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant.
Power Electronics Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant. When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load current iO flows in opposite direction & output voltage vO = -V. Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper operates in third quadrant. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 54 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load current iO continues to flow in the same direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage vO = V. Therefore the chopper operates in second quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 55 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Effect Of Source & Load Inductance
Power Electronics Effect Of Source & Load Inductance The source inductance should be as small as possible to limit the transient voltage. Also source inductance may cause commutation problem for the chopper. Usually an input filter is used to overcome the problem of source inductance. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 56 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Peak load current depends on load inductance.
Power Electronics The load ripple current is inversely proportional to load inductance and chopping frequency. Peak load current depends on load inductance. To limit the load ripple current, a smoothing inductor is connected in series with the load. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 57 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Types of Commutation Natural Forced
MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Natural commutation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Forced commutation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Methods of Forced Commutation

Voltage Commutated chopper (Impulse Commutated Chopper)
Power Electronics Voltage Commutated chopper (Impulse Commutated Chopper) Impulse commutated choppers are widely used in high power circuits where load fluctuation is not large. This chopper is also known as Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper Voltage commutated chopper Classical chopper. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 62 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Capacitor ‘C’ gets charged through VS, C, T2 and load.
Power Electronics To start the circuit, capacitor ‘C’ is initially charged with polarity (with plate ‘a’ positive) by triggering the thyristor T2. Capacitor ‘C’ gets charged through VS, C, T2 and load. As the charging current decays to zero thyristor T2 will be turned-off. With capacitor charged with plate ‘a’ positive the circuit is ready for operation. Assume that the load current remains constant during the commutation process. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 64 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes.
Power Electronics For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes. Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5 MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 65 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Modes of Operation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Mode-1 Operation 67 MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS
Power Electronics Mode-1 Operation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 67 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
Power Electronics Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0. The supply voltage comes across the load. Load current IL flows through T1 and load. At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor reverses its voltage. This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 68 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1.
Power Electronics Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1. When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns if off. The capacitor discharges through the load from –V to 0. Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off time. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 71 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

This time is called the recharging time and is given by
Power Electronics Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage (with plate ‘a’ positive). This time is called the recharging time and is given by The total time required for the capacitor to discharge and recharge is called the commutation time and it is given by MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 73 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VS and the free wheeling diode starts conducting. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 74 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

FWD starts conducting and the load current decays.
Power Electronics FWD starts conducting and the load current decays. The energy stored in source inductance LS is transferred to capacitor. Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns off. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 76 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction.
Power Electronics Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply voltage. Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction. Hence capacitor current becomes negative. The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD, D1 and L. When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and the capacitor voltage will be same as the supply voltage MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 79 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics Mode-5 Operation Both thyristors are off and the load current flows through the FWD. This mode will end once thyristor T1 is fired. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 80 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Power Electronics Disadvantages A starting circuit is required and the starting circuit should be such that it triggers thyristor T2 first. Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply voltage when the commutation is initiated. The discharging and charging time of commutation capacitor are dependent on the load current and this limits high frequency operation, especially at low load current. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 83 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load.
Power Electronics Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load. Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well as resonant current resulting in increasing its peak current rating. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS 84 Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

What is meant by Current Commutation?

Assumptions MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Current commutated Chopper

Modes of Operation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Voltage and Current waveforms of CCC

Load Commutated Chopper

Modes of Operation of Load Commutated Chopper

Advantages of Current commutated Chopper

Load Commutated Chopper

Modes of Operation of Load Commutated Chopper

MULTIPHASE CHOPPERS MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

The multiphase chopper consists of two or more choppers connected in parallel. Inductance L is assumed to be sufficiently large such that each chopper operates independent of each other. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

In-phase operation Phase shifted operation
Modes of operation In-phase operation Phase shifted operation MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS

*Load current Io is ripple free →For a duty cycle of 30 %
In phase operation All the parallel connected choppers are on and off at the same instant. Input current i = i1 +i2 is doubled. Operation is equivalent to a single chopper operation. Frequency of harmonics in the input current = 1/T (Switching frequency of each chopper). MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Phase shifted operation
Different choppers are ON and OFF at different instansts of time. For α=30 % chopper 1 is ON for 0.3T from t=0,chopper 2 is made ON such that i1+i2 is periodic in nature. Frequency of ‘i’ is doubled and its ripple current amplitude [Imax –Imin] is halved. Frequency of harmonics in the input current is 2 x 1/T. Size of filter is reduced as a result, making phase-shifted operation of multiphase choppers the most preferred. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

MH1032/brsr/A.Y 2016-17/pe/DC CHOPPERS

i for phase shifted operation is continuous and without any ripples.
I is continuous with a pedestal of 0.5 Io *Multiphase choppers are used where large load current is required. MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

Extra commutation circuits Additional external inductors
Advantage: Input current has reduced ripple amplitude and increased ripple frequency. As a consequence the size of the filter is reduced. Disadvantage: Extra commutation circuits Additional external inductors Complexity in the control logic MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

DC Choppers 1 MH1032/brsr/A.Y /pe/DC CHOPPERS

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