1. Plant Evolution and Classification
Chapter 24

2. Key Concepts Plants moving from water to land Classification of plants
Alternation of generations

3. Plant Characteristics

5. Challenges to life on land

6. Challenges to life on land

7. Challenges to life on land

8. Challenges to life on land

9. Challenges to life on land

11. Focus on Mosses TheGametophyte Generation
The leafy shoot of mosses is haploid and thus part of the gametophyte generation

12. Mosses: continued three kinds of shoots:
female, which develop archegonia at their tip;
A single egg forms in each archegonium.
male, which develop antheridia at their tip;
Multiple swimming sperm form in each antheridium.
sterile, which do not form sex organs.

13. Mosses: continued
In early spring, raindrops splash sperm from male to female plants. These swim down the canal in the archegonium to the chamber containing the egg. The resulting zygote begins the sporophyte generation.

14. Mosses: continued The Sporophyte Generation
Mitosis of the zygote produces an embryo that grows into the mature sporophyte generation. It consists of:
a foot, which absorbs water, minerals, and probably some food from the parent gametophyte.
a stalk, at the tip of which is formed a
sporangium.

15. Mosses: continued The sporangium is filled with spore mother cells
sealed by an operculum, and
covered with a calyptra. The calyptra develops from the wall of the old archegonium and so is actually a part of the gametophyte generation. It is responsible for the common name ("haircap moss") of this species.

16. Mosses: continued
During the summer, each spore mother cell undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores - the start of the new gametophyte generation.
Late in the summer, the calyptra and operculum become detached from the sporangium. Low humidity causes the ring of teeth within the opening of the sporangium to pop outward ejecting the spores.

17. Mosses: summary
These tiny spores are dispersed so effectively by the wind that many mosses are worldwide in their distribution.
If a spore reaches a suitable habitat, it germinates to form a filament of cells called a protonema. Soon buds appear and develop into the mature leafy shoots.
The gametophyte generation is responsible for sexual reproduction
The sporophyte generation is responsible for dispersal.

19. Classification Non-vascular vs. vascular What does vascular mean?
Xylem= transports water from roots to rest of plant
Phloem= transports sugars and nutrients throughout plant

20. Classification Seedless vs Seeds What is a seed?
Plant embryo packaged with a store of food within a resistant coat

21. PLANT STATIONS I. Bryophytes II. Ferns III. Pine Life Cycle
IV. Angiosperms