1. Static Electricity Recap….
On your whiteboard use the ideas in the images to help you answer the questions…
How can static charge build up on an object?
Explain what happens to the electrons?
Compare a use & danger of static?
5 minutes to think and write down / QA

2. Electricity – Household Electricity
iGCSE Edexcel 1-9
2.2 understand how the use of insulation, double insulation, earthing, fuses and circuit breakers protects the device or user in a range of domestic appliances
In the context of a range of domestic appliances;
3 Pin Plug: Know the basic features of a 3 pin plug, understand why certain materials are used to make it.
Fuses: Know what they are, how does it work and explain why a fuse must be connected to the live wire.
Earthing: Know what is earthing, what can we do with unwanted charges and how does it make an appliance safe.
Double insulation: Know why plastic classed as an insulator, what the term means and what are the changes to the circuit.
Circuit Breakers (Harder): Know what does a circuit breaker do, what key Physics makes it work, and the sequence of events when they operate.

3. Cables and Plugs
Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using three-pin plug and cable
The structures and ideas behind this must be learned

4. Reason / Properties / Uses
The 3 Pin Plug….
The green/ yellow wire is connected to the earth pin. It is only there if there is a fault and current can flow to ground.
Plastic is a good electrical insulator and therefore prevents anyone touching the cable from receiving an electric shock.
The brown wire is connected to the live pin and delivers the current +325V -> -325V (on the right)
Copper is used for the wires because it is a good electrical conductor, soft and malleable. This means it bends when you flex the wire.
The plug contains a fuse between the live pin and the live wire. The fuse melts and cuts the live wire off if too much current passes through it.
The blue wire is connected to the neutral pin and stays very close to “ground” 0V and is a return for the current flow from the live. (on the left)
Material
Reason / Properties / Uses
Plastic
Copper
Alloy
Task…
Match up the labels to the images as shown, some may have two
Why certain materials used, write a summary of why this is….
Compare your ideas to a partner, add and amend.
Brass (copper/ zinc) is used for the pins as it is a hard and durable alloy metal and is a conductor.

5. Reason / Properties / Uses
The 3 Pin Plug….
The green/ yellow wire is connected to the earth pin. It is only there if there is a fault and current can flow to ground.
Plastic is a good electrical insulator and therefore prevents anyone touching the cable from receiving an electric shock.
The brown wire is connected to the live pin and delivers the current +325V -> -325V (on the right)
Copper is used for the wires because it is a good electrical conductor, soft and malleable. This means it bends when you flex the wire.
The plug contains a fuse between the live pin and the live wire. The fuse melts and cuts the live wire off if too much current passes through it.
The blue wire is connected to the neutral pin and stays very close to “ground” 0V and is a return for the current flow from the live. (on the left)
Material
Reason / Properties / Uses
Plastic
Copper
Alloy
Insulator so electrons cannot flow through the structure, also flexible for the cable but hard for the case.
Conductor so has free electrons and is low resistance but also soft and flexible so can be formed to make wires.
The brass alloy (copper / zinc) is a good conductor but harder in structure than copper due to dislocations in the layers. It will take repeated insertions into a socket.
Brass (copper/ zinc) is used for the pins as it is a hard and durable alloy metal and is a conductor.

6. Not involved in normal circuit use green/yellow Earth My peak is 325V
Plenary 1: Sorting
More difficult Ideas
Basic Ideas
Not involved in normal circuit use
green/yellow
Earth
My peak is 325V
Kept at nearly 0V
brown
Live
Return wire for current
Grounded
Carry current to the device
Neutral
blue
Fault pathway
Connected to a fuse
Change between +/-230V DC equivalent

7. Fuses
A fuse contains a thin wire that heats up and melts if too much current passes through it. If this happens, we say the fuse ‘blows’.
If you need to buy a fuse for a mains appliance, make sure you know the fuse rating i.e. 3, 5 or 13A. This is the amount of current it will allow through before melting.
If the rating is too large, the fuse will not melt when it should. The heating effect of the current could set the appliance on fire.
We must always connect the fuse to the live wire as that is the one with the high alternating potential difference. (AC)
What is a fuse?
How does a fuse work?
Explain why a fuse must be connected to the live wire?

8. This works just light a lightening rod on a house
Earthing
Electrical appliances that have metal cases, including cookers, washing machines, refrigerators need an earth wire. The earth wire takes no part in normal operation of the device and is only there if a fault develops.
The earth wire creates a safe route for the current to flow through if the live wire touches the casing. A strong current surges through the earth wire because it has a very low resistance. The fuse also melts and disconnects the appliance.
This works just light a lightening rod on a house
symbol
Earthing
What is Earthing?
What can we do with the unwanted charges?
How does it make an appliance safe?

9. Double Insulation
Another method to keep us from having an electric shock is to use double insulation.
This is when the cables themselves have twin plastic layers or the appliance itself has an extra layer of plastic on the outside of the case.
This ensures that if the live wire frays or connects to the outer case of the appliance it will not conduct.
We use a special square symbol on appliances with this and they only require a 2 core cable without an earth as they are safer.
Why is plastic classed as an insulator?
What does the term mean?
What are the changes to the circuit?

10. Circuit Breakers (3 types)
A circuit breaker acts as a safety device in a circuit similar to a reusable fuse.
A simple electromagnet where an increase in current causes an iron bar to pivot and break the circuit. This can be reset with a switch on a spring.
A bimetallic strip which bends when too much current flows due to heating causing a break.
A RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) which is similar to an electromagnet but faster and more sensitive as it looks at the differences between live and neutral connections. The difference in fields cause a pivot to turn, breaking the circuit.
What does a circuit breaker do?
What key Physics makes it work?
What is the sequence of events?

11. Circuit Breakers (3 types)
What does a circuit breaker do?
What key Physics makes it work?
What is the sequence of events?

12. 2.2 How can we use Mains Electricity at Home Safely – My Summary Sheet
Fuses
What is a fuse?
How does a fuse work?
Explain why a fuse must be connected to the live wire?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Earthing
What is Earthing?
What can we do with the charges?
How does it make an appliance safe?
Double insulation
Why is plastic classed as an insulator?
What does the term mean?
What are the changes to the circuit?
Circuit Breakers
What does a circuit breaker do?
What key Physics makes it work?
What is the sequence of events?

13. Plenary 2: Cartoons
Look at the cartoon on DI, an you explain the situation here?
Can you draw a diagram of what happens inside the cable to show why we need a thicker cable?
Can you explain the wiring diagram for this fan including the receiver?

14. Plenary 3: Plug Faults Review….
On a whiteboard write a quick summary of your understanding of what is wrong here
Then make a pair and discuss, and share......

15. Fuses Exam Question… Extension
Domestic appliances are often fitted with a 3A, or a 5A or a 13 A fuse.
If you don’t know which one to use for an appliance, you can work it out from the
power rating of the appliance and its potential difference (voltage).

16. https://wp.me/p6E9ew-4zp
2.2 Electricity - How can we use Mains Electricity at Home Safely (Prep)
Bending Water (dipolar molecules?)
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Tasks….
Use the QR Codes/ links to review some static ideas from previous work using the videos. Explain what happens clearly.
Do the lesson review quiz.
Flour Chute Dangers
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My best score for this test was ……………
Points I need to improve on were: 1) 2) 3)
Gas Plasma (Harder)
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