1. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Chapter 4, part B
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

2. Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Enzymes for ATP production
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids

3. Plasma Membrane
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

4. Movement Across Membranes
Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

5. Movement Across Membranes
Figure 4.17

6. Movement Across Membranes
Osmosis
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
Figure 4.18a

7. Figure 4.18c-e

8. Movement Across Membranes
Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP.
Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

9. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane
Figure 4.6a, b

10. Nuclear Area
Nuclear area (nucleoid)
Figure 4.6a, b

11. Ribosomes
Figure 4.6a

12. Ribosomes
Figure 4.19

13. Inclusions Metachromatic granules (volutin) Phosphate reserves
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
Sulfur granules
Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles
Magnetosomes
Phosphate reserves
Energy reserves
Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Protein covered cylinders
Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)

14. Endospores Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to vegetative state

15. Figure 4.21a

16. Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

17. Figure 4.22a

18. Flagella and Cilia
Figure 4.23a, b

19. Microtubules
Tubulin
9 pairs + 2 arrangements
Figure 4.23c

20. Cell Wall Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan
Glycocalyx
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

21. Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Sterols
Glycocalyx carbohydrates

22. Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Simple diffusion
Facilitative diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

23. Eukaryotic Cell
Cytoplasm Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus
Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

24. Organelles Membrane-bound: Nucleus Contains chromosomes
ER Transport network
Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion
Lysosome Digestive enzymes
Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support
Mitochondrion Cellular respiration
Chloroplast Photosynthesis
Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

25. Eukaryotic Cell Not membrane-bound: Ribosome Protein synthesis
Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles
Centriole Mitotic spindle formation

26. Nucleus
Figure 4.24

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 4.25

28. Ribosomes 80S Membrane-bound Attached to ER Free In cytoplasm 70S
In chloroplasts and mitochondria

29. Golgi Complex
Figure 4.26

30. Lysosomes
Figure 4.22b

31. Vacuoles
Figure 4.22b

32. Mitochondrion
Figure 4.27

33. Chloroplast
Figure 4.28

34. Endosymbiotic Theory
Figure 10.2