1. European Urology Oncology
From Clinical Trials to Real-life Clinical Practice: The Role of Immunotherapy with PD- 1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma 
Syed A. Hussain, Alison Birtle, Simon Crabb, Robert Huddart, Diane Small, Maxwell Summerhayes, Robert Jones, Andrew Protheroe 
European Urology Oncology 
DOI: /j.euo
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors prevent the suppression of antitumour T-cell effector functions. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction is a component of a complex and incompletely understood mechanism for control of immune surveillance that is corrupted by some tumours. (A) Binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 results in downstream suppression of normal T-cell effector functions [43]. Tumours expressing PD-L1 use this pathway to evade the antitumour activity of T cells within the tumour microenvironment and prevent the activation and migration of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes to the tumour site [43]. (B) By preventing this suppression, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors effectively kick start the immune response against the cancer cells. As PD-L1 binds PD-1 and B7-1, and PD-1 is bound by PD-L1 or PD-L2, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors have different interactions, which may or may not matter clinically. MHC=major histocompatibility complex.
European Urology Oncology DOI: ( /j.euo )
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions