1. Blood
Bright Scarlet to dull brick red depending upon how much oxygen there is.
Average person has 5.5 Liters (6 quarts)
2 Parts = nonliving and living

2. Nonliving Plasma transports substances & distributes heat
Fluid matrix -90% Water
Nutrients -dissolved gases
Hormones -wastes
Proteins -salts
pH 7.35 – 7.45

3. Living Erythrocytes (red blood cell) Leukocytes (white blood cell)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

5. Erythrocytes Biconcave disc transports oxygen-bound to hemoglobin
Anucleated – day lifespan; rbc outnumber wbc 1000 to 1

6. Red Blood Cell – Biconcave Disk

7. Anemia Is a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood
Normal:
Number – million cells/mm
Hematocrit (% of rbc in blood) – packed cell volume 42-47%
Hemoglobin – 12-18g/100ml

8. Hematocrit

9. 2 ways to be anemic 1) Decrease in the amount of functioning rbc
Examples:
Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia (rupture of erythrocytes)
Aplastic anemia (destruction of red marrow)

10. 2) Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin the rbc contain
Examples:
Iron deficiency anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Pernicious anemia (deficiency in B12)

11. Sickle Cell Anemia

12. Blood Types
Different blood groups are classified on the basis of specific proteins called antigens that are on the surface of rbc

13. Types: A antigen = A blood type B antigen = B blood type
A and B antigen = AB blood type
O blood type= absence of A antigen and B antigen

14. If a person is given incompatible blood, plasma antibodies will attack the foreign antigens leading to a transfusion reaction

15. Transfusions
O is the universal donor since there are no antigens on the cells
A, B, and AB can only receive their exact type, but can receive O
O can only receive O. The antigens on A, B, and AB would cause a reaction

16. Rhesus Blood Typing Rhesus blood typing = Rh
Rh+ means you have the antigen
Rh– means you don’t have the antigen

18. Rh- and Rh+ Interactions
If an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, 1st time they will become sensitized to it and begin producing antibodies.
2nd time, an immune reaction occurs and antibodies will attack the Rh+ blood

19. Erythroblastosis fetalis
There are problems in pregnancy if an Rh– mom has her 2nd Rh+ baby
The baby will suffer erythroblastosis fetalis-cause anemia and hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Can cause brain damage and death
RhoGAM-an injection given to a pregnant mom after her first pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in the next baby

20. Leukocytes White blood cell (wbc), nucleated
Mobilize to fight foreign bodies, migrate to the site of inflammation
Attracted by chemical signals from the injured cells

22. Types:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

24. Granulocytes
Granules, lobed nuclei (3 types listed below)

25. Neutrophils – fine granules, 3-7 lobes, deep purple, increase during infections (55-65%)
Eosinophils – large granules, bi-lobed, increase during allergy attacks (1-3%)
Basophils - few large purple granules, u or s shaped nuclei stains blue, granules contain histamine (a vasodilator), and heparin (an anticoagulant) (0.5%)

27. Agranulocytes
No granules, oval nuclei
Are wbc

28. Lymphocytes Large, dark purple Spherical nucleus, immune cells
B type produce antibodies (memory cells)
T type activate B, reject grafts
Fight tumors and virus (20-35%)

29. Monocytes Gray cytoplasm Dark blue kidney shaped nuclei
Active phagocytes (eat foreign bodies)
Long term clean up
Found in chronic conditions (3-8%)

32. Leukemia There are different types
Acute leukemia is the more serious type that usually affects children
Chronic leukemia is seen more often in elderly patients

33. What Happens in Leukemia?
In all leukemias, the red bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes, and immature wbc flood the bloodstream. Anemia and severe bleeding are a result.
Symptoms-fever, weight loss, bleeding problems, anemia and bone pain 

34. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Cell fragments
Small, irregular
Function in blood clotting 250, ,000/mm

36. Hemophilia
Hemophilia refers to bleeding disorders that are inherited on the X chromosome. In hemophilia, there is a lack of clotting factors.
People who have hemophilia have to avoid trauma. Hemophilia causes patients to bleed internally. It is a very painful disease, but has treatment.

37. Clots Thrombus= clot attached Embolus= clot free floating
Some embolus clots can travel to the lungs or brain, and can be lethal depending on size and location

38. Blood Transfusions
Used when blood loss is rapid (can be due to genetic disorders or trauma)
In other cases, infusions of packed rbc help to restore oxygen carrying capacity
Blood banks take the donated blood and mix it with anticoagulants.