1. English 1 Third Quarter Vocabulary Words & Definitions

2. Week 1
informational text: nonfiction text whose purpose is to convey factual information about the natural or social world to someone who does not know that information yet
primary source: a record of an event made by someone who participated in or witnessed the event firsthand. (diary, personal interview, documentary)
secondary source: a record of an event made by someone who was not there. (textbooks, reenactments)
skimming: quickly reading only the important parts of a text, such as topic sentences, in order to get a general sense of its main idea and/or whether it is worth reading. (Looking at a web page to see if it has information on your research topic; looking at a restaurant menu to see if it has enough variety)
scanning: running your eyes over a text quickly in order to find a single specific fact, without worrying about the main idea of the text. (looking for a word in the dictionary; looking for your test score on a chart of the whole class)
plagiarism: stealing someone else’s words or ideas by pretending they are your own, rather than giving credit to the place where you found them
citation: giving credit to the source where you found the words and/or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing in your own work
works cited page entry: a single citation listed on your works cited page, referring to one single source where you found information. In a research paper, your works cited page should include multiple entries, because your paper should cite multiple sources.

3. Week 2
search engine: an internet tool which searches for and retrieves websites containing the word(s) you are looking for. (Google, Bing)
precise: (adj) specific, exact, and accurate
keyword: the words you input into a search engine in order to find results. (also called search terms)
URL: a web address; the string of characters you type into a web browser to visit a particular page, usually starting with (Uniform Resource Locator)
bibliography: a list of the sources you have cited in your essay. In MLA format, it is called a “works cited page.”
MLA format: a set of rules for essay formatting and citations that is used in English-speaking countries. (MLA = Modern Language Association)
website: a collection of web pages on one domain, such as Analogous to a book.
web page: a single page of a website, such as Analogous to a single page of a book.
P-DOC: (parenthetical documentation) a citation inside parentheses that includes the author’s last name(s) and a page number where the information was found

4. Week 3
independent clause: a complete sentence that can stand by itself because it contains a subject and a verb
fragment: a phrase that can not stand by itself for one of two reasons:
it lacks a subject and/or verb
it has both a subject and a verb, but starts with a conjunction, making it a dependent clause.
run-on sentence: two independent clauses joined together without any punctuation and/or conjunctions in the middle.
conjunction: a word used to connect clauses or sentences. Includes coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) and subordinating conjunctions, such as while, since, after, because, etc.
simple sentence: a single independent clause.
compound sentence: two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
complex sentence: two or more independent clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions
compound-complex sentence: three or more independent clauses, joined by at least one subordinating and at least one coordinating conjunction.

5. Week 4
expository writing: informational writing; nonfiction writing that gives facts about something, rather than opinion
Formal style: language that sounds professional, highly-educated, and impersonal. Used in many serious situations, such as during speeches, interviews, and presentations, and in school essays and professional documents. Uses more complex and sophisticated vocabulary, and longer sentences. Avoids contractions, abbreviations, dialect, and slang words. Often requires you to think before speaking or writing.
Informal style: language that sounds casual, relatable, and personal. Used in more relaxed situations, such as with family, friends, and other trusted people. Uses simpler and shorter words and sentences. May include contractions, abbreviations, dialect, and slang words. Often impulsive.
clause: a group of words that contains a subject and a verb
coordinating conjunction: conjunction that join two clauses of equal importance. There are only 6: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
subordinating conjunction: a conjunction that shows a relationship between the two clauses it joins, such as because, while, since, after, until, then, etc.)
credible: (adj) qualified to give information on a certain topic, due to education or experience
data gathering: the process of collecting information you need to complete a task

6. Week 5 Poetry: literature that is written in lines and stanzas
Poetry: literature that is written in lines and stanzas
Prose: text that is written in sentences and paragraphs
Stanza: a group of lines in a poem, separated by a space
Rhyme: The repetition of ending sounds in two or more words.
Rhyme scheme: The pattern of rhymes used in a poem. This is marked by giving each rhyming sound a letter of the alphabet. Ex: ABAB
Figurative language: language that has a meaning other than its literal meaning
Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another.
Simile: A metaphor that uses “like” or “as” to make the comparison.

7. Week 6
Sound devices: types of language that a writer can use to add feeling to their writing through the use of sound
Alliteration: Repetition of beginning sounds; when two or more words begin with the same sound. Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer
Onomatopoeia: Words that sound like the objects they name or the things they describe. Crash, boom, pow, hiss
Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. making bacon pancakes – the “a” sounds
Consonance: repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words. making bacon pancakes – the “k” sounds
Personification: When a non-human thing is given human qualities.
Imagery: When the writer uses sensory detail to create a picture in the reader’s mind
Hyperbole: When a writer makes something seem bigger or more important than it really is; exaggeration.

8. Week 7
Narrative poem: a poem that tells a story in chronological order. One example is a ballad.
Lyric poem: a poem that expresses feelings, rather than telling a story
Fixed-form poem: A poem written in a form that follows a pre-set pattern of rules that has been developed by other poets. The rules may determine the number of lines, the rhyme scheme, the number of syllables in a line, and/or the subject matter. Examples: haiku, sonnet, villanelle 
Free-form poem: A poem that does not follow any set pattern of rules; the author decides what form the poem takes. Also called free verse
Symbolism: When one thing (a symbol) is used to represent or stand for something else
Denotation: a word’s literal meaning
Connotation: the emotional meaning a word implies or suggests
Sonnet: a type of fixed-form poem which consists of 14 lines divided into 4 stanzas with the following rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

9. Week 8
Speaker: The narrator of the poem. Often different from the author; not always a person
slant rhyme: when two words that almost rhyme, but don’t, are used as end rhyme (typically they have assonance, but not consonance, i.e. ”storm” and “warn,” “side” and “eyes”)
internal rhyme: when words inside a line of poetry rhyme with each other
tone: the attitude/emotions of a writer/speaker toward the subject/audience. (formal, informal, cheerful, sad, clinical, serious, humorous, etc.)
mood: the intended emotions of the reader; how the author is trying to make you feel
word choice: the words an author chooses to create a specific effect in their writing through tone and mood. Sometimes called diction.
subgenre: a specific subdivision of a genre. Detective fiction is a subgenre of the mystery genre. Epic poetry is a subgenre of the poetry genre.
paradox: a phrase or situation that appears to contradict itself, such as junk drawer organizer, jumbo shrimp, living dead