1. Introduction to Earth/Environmental Science

2. Lab Safety Rules Use lab only with directed by the teacher.
ALWAYS wear safety goggles.
Report any accident or incident to the teacher
Confine long hair and and loose clothing whenever working with flames or chemicals
Never work with chemicals without checking labels.

3. Lab Safety Rules cont.
Never taste substances without teacher’s direction.
Place broken glass and disposables in appropriate container.
Wash hands before leaving the lab.

4. What is Earth Science? Earth Science
The name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space.

5. Branches of Earth Science
Astronomy
Study of objects past the atmosphere
Ex: Stars, moon, comets
B. Meteorology
Study of the atmosphere
Processes of weather and climate
 Ex: clouds, rain, hurricanes
C. Geology
Study of materials that make-up the Earth
Processes that form and change those materials
Ex: rocks, minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes
D. Oceanography
Study of the oceans
 Ex: trenches, marine animals

6. Earth’s Major Spheres/Systems
Hydrosphere
All water on Earth
Oceans, rivers, streams, lakes & seas
97% of the water is salt water
3% of water is freshwater
Atmosphere
Gaseous layers above the surface of Earth
Weather and Climate on Earth
Makes life possible on Earth

7. Biosphere Geosphere/Lithosphere
Beneath both the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
Three Parts
Core
Mantle
Crust
Biosphere
All organisms on Earth
Environments where organisms live

8. How is the Earth divided?
Equator, 0˚latitude, divides Earth into northern and southern hemispheres
Prime Meridian, 0˚longitude, passes through Greenwich, England divide the Earth into western and eastern hemispheres

9. Determining Locations
Global Grids
Latitude
distance north or south of the equator (east and west circles around the globe)
Longitude
distance east or west of the prime meridian (run north or south on a globe)

10. Topographic Maps Represents Earth’s 3-D surface in 2-D
Shows elevations of the land
Uses contour lines that indicates elevations
Contour intervals indicate the differences in elevation between adjacent contour lines
The scale is when a certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance at the surface
Ex: 1:24,000 means 1 unit on a map equals 24,000 units on the ground

11. Using Latitude and Longitude

12. What is Environmental Science?
The study of how humans use resources and the affect it has on the Earth

13. What Environmental Science deals with?
Renewable Resources
Plants, animals, water, wind
Nonrenewable Resources
Coal, oil, natural gas
Population Growth
Environmental Problems
Pollution, global warming
Natural Hazards
Flooding, droughts, earthquakes

14. Scientific Method /Experimental Design
An organized plan for gathering, organizing and communication of information
GOAL
Solve a problem
Better understand something

15. Experimental Design Problem/Question What do you want to know?
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Test your hypothesis
Collect and Analyze Data
Conclusion
Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis

16. Evolution of a Scientific Idea
Hypothesis
 An educated guess
2. Theory
Extensively tested hypothesis
Can be modified with new data
Still can be proven wrong
3. Scientific Law
Generalized rule to explain observations
Summarizes a pattern in nature
Ex: Law of Gravity

18. Parts of an Experiment Variable Independent Variable
Factor that changes
Two types
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Independent Variable
Fact YOU change
AKA: Manipulated Variable
Dependent Variable
Factor that changes BECAUSE you changed something
AKA: Responding Variable

19. Constant Trial Factors that never are changed from test to test
Repeating the experiment
3 times for best result

20. Experimental Design Practices
Asking Questions and Defining Problems
Developing and Using Models
Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

21. Measurement Types LENGTH Straight line distance between two points
How long something is
SI unit = meters (m)
Tools for finding
Meter stick or ruler

22. Temperature Amount of heat given off by an object Molecular Motion
How hot or cold something is
SI unit = Kelvin (K)
ºC, ºF
Tools for finding
Thermometer

23. MASS How much Matter is in an object SI unit: kilogram (kg)
Tools for Finding
Balances or scales
Note:
Mass and Weight are two different things
Mass never changes from place to place

24. VOLUME Amount of Space an object takes up Units: L, mL, cm3
Tools: graduated cylinder or ruler
Three Different Methods for finding Volume
Regular object
Irregular object
Liquid

25. Finding Volume Liquids (water) Regular Object (block)
Place the liquid in a graduated cylinder and read the level
Regular Object (block)
L * W * H
Irregular Object (rock)
Do Water Displacement
Subtract water level without object from water level with object

26. Density Mass per unit Volume Unit: g/mL or g/cm3 Formula
Density = mass ÷ volume
Density of water is 1 g/mL
Less means float
More means sink