1. I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life
The Diversity of Life
I. A Brief History of Life
II. Classifying Life
III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors

2. I. A Brief History of Life II. Classifying Life
The Diversity of Life
I. A Brief History of Life
II. Classifying Life
III. The Prokaryote Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
Alternation of generation

3. Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial
Water available Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available
Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available
Buoyant Less Supportive
Low oxygen High O2
CO2 diffuses slowly CO2 diffuses quickly

4. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land

5. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
i. Liverworts
ii. Hornworts
iii. Mosses

6. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 1. Green algal ancestors
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Differences
3. Plant Evolution – Adapting to Land
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
b. Characteristics
- lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) - inefficient water transport - short
- lack true organs (defined by the presence of vascular tissue)
- some have a very thin waxy cuticle
- some have stomates

7. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes” a. Groups
b. Characteristics
- release flagellated sperm directly into the environment
- have a dominant gametophyte generation, and a short-lived, ephemeral sporophyte

8. Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya
IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
a. Groups
b. Characteristics
c. History
Liverwort spores from Argentina, 470 mya
Rubinstein, et. al Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist 188:

9. IV. The Domain Eukarya Vascular tissue: Xylem: water up
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
a. Characteristics
Vascular tissue:
Xylem: water up
Phloem: sugars down

10. IV. The Domain Eukarya Vascular tissue: Xylem: water up
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
a. Characteristics
Vascular tissue:
Xylem: water up
Phloem: sugars down

11. IV. The Domain Eukarya Dominant Sporophyte D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
a. Characteristics
Dominant Sporophyte

12. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. Non-tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes

13. IV. The Domain Eukarya Barangwanathia – 420 mya
D. Plants:
4. Non-tracheophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
Barangwanathia – 420 mya
Lepidodendron was a canopy species (100 ft tall, 3ft in diameter) in the Carboniferous Period ( mya); ferns and other Lycophytes were in the understory.

15. Selaginella, a “Spikemoss” IV. The Domain Eukarya
D. Plants:
4. Non-tracheophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
Lycopodium, a “Clubmoss”
Isoetes, a
“quillwort”

16. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. Non-tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes

17. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes: (one vein per leaf )
ii. Euphyllophytes: (multiple veins per leaf)

18. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Characteristics:
Vascular (tracheophytes) with true leaves (euphyllophytes)
Most release spores to the environment from sporangia
Have swimming sperm
Do NOT have seeds (distinguishing them from the other major clade within the
euphyllophytes, the spermatophytes)

19. IV. The Domain Eukarya Polypodiales Cyatheales Salvinales Osmundales
D. Plants:
4. “Non-tracheophytes”
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Polypodiales
Cyatheales
Salvinales
Osmundales
Equisitales
Psilotales
Ophioglossales

20. IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants: 4. “Non-tracheophytes”
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
- Life Cycle

21. - Evolutionary History Evolve during the Devonian
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Evolutionary History
Evolve during the Devonian

22. - Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
- Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes

23. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
Sequestration of cellulose (carbon in sediments caused CO2 concentration to drop; oxygen rose as photosynthesis > respiration

24. The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate

25. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
Giving an edge to organisms that had finally cut ties with aquatic habitats: the gymnosperms and reptiles

26. Seed coat – original sporophyte ovule Endosperm – haploid gametophyte
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
- characteristics
Seeds: seeds evolved in ancestral progymnosperms and “seed ferns”. Dispersal phase of life cycle is bigger and fortified with nutrients, increasing the probability of survival of the diploid embryo.
Seed coat – original sporophyte ovule
Endosperm – haploid gametophyte
Embryo – new sporophyte generation

27. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
- characteristics
Pollen: the male gametophyte carries sperm to the egg; no more swimming sperm and need for surface water! (in most gymnosperms)

28. Common Conifers: Pines Spruce Fir Hemlock Conifers* Cedars Cypress
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
- Diversity
Common Conifers:
Pines Spruce
Fir Hemlock
Cedars Cypress
Yew Larch
Redwood
Conifers*
Gnetales
Ginkgo
Cycads

29. Pines Yews Spruce Fir Redwoods Sequoia Cypress Hemlock Cedar Juniper
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
- Diversity
Pines
Yews
Spruce
Fir
Redwoods
Sequoia
Cypress
Hemlock
Cedar
Juniper
Larch
Conifers
The dominant group of gymnosperms today, with about 600 of the 900 gymnosperm species. Both pollen and ovules borne in cones. Representatives include the largest and longest lived plants on earth.

30. 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
- Life cycle

31. Still dominate in harsh, dry, or cold environments

32. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Flower: leaf-like whorls fulfill different functions. Collectively, the ancestral adaptive value was to attract animal pollinators.

33. Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn
Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn. So, by bribing pollinators with nectar, and advertising the location with large colorful petals, pollinators learn to visit flowers for food – and they “trapline”, going from flower to flower.
Pollen transport is much more efficient than wind dispersal; less pollen is needed (but there are additional costs of flower ad nectar production.

34. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Flies are attracted to flowers that smell like carrion.
This increases the chance that the NEXT flower the pollinator visits will be a member of the same plant species.
Hummingbirds are attracted to red tubular flowers, where the nectar is too deep for most insects to reach

35. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Butterfly flowers offer a place to stand and probe many flowers from one place
Many bat flowers are large, to receive the head of the bat. White is common for these flowers that open at night.

36. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Orchids are one of the most derived groups of plants, and they show the most specialized flowers

37. In some flowering plants, the flowers have become very reduced – they no longer attract pollinators – the plants have returned to a wind-pollinated lifestyle.
Oak flowers
Ragweed flowers

38. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Fruit: modification to ovary tissue (typically) to attract animals to consume fruit and disperse seeds.

39. Plants with dry, wind dispersed seeds are more common in fields, or in canopy trees. Fleshy fruits dispersed by animals are more common in forest understory and forest edges, where animals are more common.

40. 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle

41. - diversity (90% of plant species)
5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
- diversity (90% of plant species)

42. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
- life cycle
- diversity
(90% of plant species)

43. Amborella – the most primitive flowering plant, of New Caledonia
Nymphaea – water lilies
Magnoliids - ~9000 sp of Magnolias, Laurels, Black Pepper, Nutmeg…

44. Monocots – ~60,000 species of grasses, grains, palms, bamboos, lilies, irises, orchids, tulips, etc.

45. Eudicots – over 200,000 species
Eudicots – over 200,000 species! From vegetables to roses, trees (that aren’t gymnosperms, palms or Magnolias), asters, etc.

46. 5. Tracheophytes
6. Summary
Algae – aquatic
non-tracheophytes: cuticle
Lycopodiophytes: vascular tissue and dominance of the sporophyte (tall)
Monilophytes: true leaves
Gymnosperms: Seeds and pollen
Angiosperms: Flowers and fruit