1. PARTS OF SPEECH

3. 1. Nouns
A noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or idea.

4. Classifications of Nouns
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Concrete Nouns
Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns
Compound Nouns
Collective Nouns
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Possessive Nouns

5. Common Nouns
These name general, nonspecific people, places, things or ideas. They start with a lowercase letter unless they begin a sentence.
Ex. writer, city, park, school, building.

6. Proper Nouns
They name specific people, places, things or ideas. They always start with a capital letter.
Ex. Juan Gabriel, Paris, Disneyland, AISB, Los Sauces.

7. Abstract Nouns
They name something that cannot be perceived with your five senses – something that does not physically exist.
These are the opposite of concrete nouns.
Ex. happiness, freedom, love.

8. Concrete Nouns
These name something that you can perceive with your five senses – something that physically exists.
These are the opposite of abstract nouns.
Ex. cat, chocolate, Alvaro

9. Countable Nouns
These can be counted, anything you can make plural is a countable noun.
Ex. clock/clocks, David/Davids, poem/poems.

10. Uncountable Nouns
These cannot be counted. Since they cannot be counted they only use the singular form.
Ex. milk, water, rice.

11. Compound Nouns These are made up of two or more smaller words.
Ex. bodyguard, haircut, applesauce.

12. Collective Nouns
These are singular nouns that refer to a group of things as one whole.
Ex. class, audience, swarm, flock.

13. Singular Nouns These refer to one person, place, thing or idea.
Ex. box, face, road, ball

14. Plural Nouns
These refer to more than one person, place, things or idea. They generally end with an s.
Ex. boxes, faces, roads, balls.

15. Possessive Nouns These show ownership.
Ex. Dad´s car, the student´s book, Marc´s hat.

16. 2. Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Ex. he, she, it, they, someone, who
Ex. John Cena is a wrestler. (noun)
He is a wrestler. (pronoun)

17. The pronoun he took the place of the noun John Cena
The pronoun he took the place of the noun John Cena. We can also put the noun and pronoun in the same sentence.
Not only is John Cena a wrestler, but he is also an actor.
Not only is John Cena a wrestler, but John Cena is also an actor.

18. Antecedents
He said, “I´m a great believer in luck, and I find that the harder I work, the more I have of it.”
What is missing?

19. WHO is HE??
You do not know, because you do not know the antecedent.
An antecedent is the noun that the pronoun is replacing or referring to.

20. Ex. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States.
He said, “I´m a great believer in luck, and I find that the harder I work, the more I have of it.”

21. Not all pronouns have antecedents
Not all pronouns have antecedents! Sometimes you do not know whom exactly we are talking about.
Ex. Someone broke my vase!

22. Types of Pronouns Personal Pronouns Demostrative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns

23. Personal Pronouns
I, me, we, us, you, she, her, he, him, it, they, them.
For each of these pronouns, we can tell the:
Person (Who is speaking?)
Number (Is the pronoun singular or plural?)
Gender (Is the pronoun masculine, feminine, or neuter?)

24. Ex. she is the third person (the person being spoken about), singular, feminine.
Ex. we is the first person (the people speaking), plural, neuter.

25. Demostrative Pronouns
There are only four demostrative pronouns. We use them to point out certain people or things.
this, that, these, those
Sometimes, those words are used before nouns. Those cases, they are adjectives and not pronouns.

26. Ex. Bring me that book. (adjective)
Ex. Bring me that. (pronoun)

27. Indefinite Pronouns
The prefix in- means not. Indefinite pronouns are not definite. We do not whom or what these refer to!
anyone, something, all most, some
Ex. Someone yelled my name. (Who? We don´t know.)

28. When indefinite pronouns are used before nouns, they are actually acting as adjectives and not pronouns.
Both people smiled at me. (adjective)
Both smile at me. (pronoun)

29. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
These two types of pronouns end in –self or –selves.
himself, herself, myself, itself
They are either reflexive or intensive depending how you use them.

30. A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to the subject of the sentence.
Ex. I will go to the school myself. (reflexive)
An intensive pronoun is used to emphasize another noun.
Ex. He himself visited the school. (intensive)

31. Interrogative Pronouns
These are pronouns that are found in questions.
Another name for a question is an interrogative sentence. Interrogative pronouns often begin interrogative sentences.
what, whom, whose, who, which
Ex. Who stole the cookie from the cookie jar?
Ex. Which jacket should I wear?

32. Possessive Pronouns
They show ownership. Another word for ownership is possession.
His, hers, yours, theirs, ours
Ex. Our family has vacation next week. (adjective)
Ex. That car is ours. (pronoun)