1. ENGLAND

2. The War of the Roses and Henry Tudor

3. War of the Roses Civil War
After 100 Years War with France
Dispute: 2 branches of royal family claimed throne
House of York (white rose/purity)
House of Lancaster (red rose/bravery)
Bloody family quarrel

4. The Course of the War
War continued through Henry VI, Edward IV, Richard III
Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth
Last Medieval king
New English order under Henry VII
Connected to both families by marriage
Pink rose (combo)

5. Rule of Henry Tudor Chief minister= middle class ($)
Justice of Peace= local landowners
Made himself richest man in England
Money from feudal dues
Taxes on imported goods (trade)
Avoided war (military expenditures
Destroyed power of nobles (outlawed private armies)
Nobility killed off: 100 Yrs. War, War of Roses

6. Court of Star Chamber Secret court violated fairness Tortured citizens
Accepted since it kept peace
Vigilantism
Magna Carta- limit on King’s power, nobles wanted rights
Henry died leaving English peaceful and prosperous

7. English Unique Character
Island isolated
Not conquered since 1066
Tradition of change, not brought on by others
Compromise between ruler and ruled
What’s best for nation
No compromise= revolution

8. Religious Conflicts of Henry VIII (1509)

9. Protestant Reformation
Grew as return to Catholicism would take nobles land away
Henry remained Catholic- insisted on no changes in rituals and doctrines (celibacy, ornaments)

10. The Heirs… Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation
Mary I (had been cloistered= bitter)
Wife of Philip II
King of Spain/ Queen of England- children become rulers of both
Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy
Pope put back, undo reforms
Problem- people did not want to return to Catholicism

11. The Heirs… Mary kind of Elizabeth (not recognized by Church)
Thought pregnant (heir) but dies of tumor
Elizabeth becomes Queen
England believes in direct lineage to throne: Catholics committed themselves to this when they insisted Mary become queen

12. The Rule of Elizabeth I

13. Elizabeth I

14. Elizabeth’s Qualities…
Fierce temper
Crude
Educated
Witty

15. Early Troubles
Refusal to marry- preserve own power and for the Good of England
Religion
Rival queen
Spanish
Finances

16. Elizabeth and Religion
Royal policy was in constant flux
Est. state church moderate Catholics and Protestants would accept
1559 Act of Uniformity- national church est. similar to Henry VIII
Required to attend services

17. Elizabeth and Religion
1559 New Act of Supremacy- Elizabeth made Supreme Governor of England’s state and church institutions
Priests allowed to marry, sermons in English (VERNACULAR)
Keeps richness of Catholicism
Cared more about loyalty than religion- POLITIQUE

18. Mary Stuart Plots… Catholics wanted Mary Stuart to be queen
Supported by Spain and Pope
1567 Mary escapes to England when Scots (converted by Knox) revolt
1587-Executed for plotting against Elizabeth

19. Philip and Spain Threaten…
Relation between Spain and England worsen after Mary I dies
Philip wanted to marry Elizabeth
She promised after mourning period- diplomatic advantage
Spanish Armada defeated
Tilbury speech

20. Financial Troubles Desire to start exploration as a source of money
Businesses grow, import taxes, exports
Joint-stock cos strengthen economy- Commercial Revolution
Cities grow
Financial problems led to problems with Parliament

21. Elizabeth and Money Tight fisted ($ came through Parliament)
Wanted to keep money and power (not give to Parliament)
Need money for navy not army
She expects people to fight
Uses bribery/promises of marriage to get way with Parliament

22. Later Problems…
Puritans (political group) not happy with religious policies
House of Commons (active in politics)
Away from moderation to strict church
No persecution of Puritans until after Civil War

23. Elizabethan England

24. 1500’s Golden Age Economically, politically, culturally
Inspired by Spanish Armada
1588 London was most populated city in Europe
Center of trade and Commercial Revolution
Rich v. poor (disparity)
England is strengthened
London Bridge- architectural achievement

25. The Arts Theatre becomes popular Art promoted William Shakespeare
Focus on literature (unlike Italy)
William Shakespeare
Humanistic tragedies attract people
1576 James Burbage- 1st fixed theatre

26. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

27. Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

28. James I Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin) Issue- Power of Parliament
Believed in absolute rule
Divine Right- authority from God
Answer only to God
King James Bible- retranslation in response to conflict w/ Puritans

29. James I

30. Quarrels with Parliament
Ineffective ruler, not a man of the people, convinced of Divine Right
Lectured parliament on divine right which caused resentment and unwillingness to give up $$
Parliamentary members (as well as English society in general) had become more educated and were not willing to give in to the lavish lifestyles of kings

31. Puritans England had been protestant for some time,
And some people considered the Church of
England to still be too Catholic in ritual
Puritans wanted to “purify” the church; were very strict in eliminating all excessive qualities of the church
James I and son Charles I were not Catholic but were sympathetic toward the Church

32. Charles I Son of James I Divine Right ruler
Quarrels with Parliament over $
1626 War with Spain forced him to ask for money from Parliament- dismisses when funds refused
War with France- forces knights and nobles to loan $ (imprisons the unwilling) and quarters troops in private homes
1637 – War with Scotland – William Laud tried to impose more Catholic rituals on Scottish church, led to revolts

33. Charles I

34. Problems continue… 1628 Charles recalls Parliament- financial need
Money be given in return for Petition of Right
Petition of Right
Parliament’s consent for taxes
Imprison only with cause
No martial law in peacetime
No quartering of soldiers

35. Problems continue…
Petition accepted temporalily- not believed it would be followed
1629 Result- Parliament is dissolved (not called for 11 years)
King gained money through fines and fees (believed to be acts of treason)
Result: popularity declined

36. Charles I and Religion
Religious policies would ultimately be his demise
Puritans upset (many fled)
William Laud (believed to secretly be Catholic)
Forced Scots (Presbyterians) to follow Church of England
Scots threatened invasion
-Uprising in Ireland

37. Charles I and Religion Charles calls Parliament again
Why? Needed resources for war
Response? Parliament refuses unless King addresses their demands
Results? King dissolves Parliament
Scots invade defeat English- Charles gives in

38. Charles I and Religion
Charles forced to call Parliament for money to meet new threat
Long Parliament
Parliament limits Kings power- consent for taxes, Parliament meetings
Revolt in Ireland- $ for suppression
Parliament further divided

39. Charles I and Religion
Raid on House of Commons fails- people upset King abandons house- goes north to prepare army (1642)

40. English Civil War

41. English Civil War The 2 sides: Roundheads- money
Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church officials)
Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants
Roundheads- money
Cavaliers- experienced military, 75% of land
1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of Roundheads (believed they had God’s support)

42. Oliver Cromwell

43. English Civil War Most people did NOT get involved in war
Destruction of war- people become more radical
1646 Cromwell’s New Model Army defeats the King’s forces

44. English Civil War
Result: some Parliament members join up with king’s leftover army
Cromwell defeated them & took King captive
Cromwell and army march to London
143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled (Pride’s Purge)
Charles I tried & beheaded /Rump Parliament
First time Monarch is tried with official execution

45. Cromwell
1653 Cromwell drafted constitution (1st written constitution in major European nation)
Republic under Cromwell as “Lord Protector”
Military dictatorship
Puritans impose beliefs (people upset)

46. Cromwell’s Reign
Cromwell initially created a constitution but after a disagreement with Parliament, he ultimately tore it up and enforced martial law
Implemented religious toleration for protestants but NOT Catholics
Censored the press, forbade sports and other leisure activities

47. Charles II and James II’s Rule Lead to the Glorious Revolution

48. Charles II and Restoration
Cromwell dies in 1658, Monarchy restored
Not a Divine Right Ruler ( )
Middle ground with religion
Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics created problems with Parliament
Constitutional monarchy or not?

49. Charles II

50. Charles II and Money Not granted enough money from Parliament
Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for money
-Secret agreement: Charles would slowly re-Catholicize England

51. Charles II and Religion
People knew of Charles’ Catholic tendencies
NO HEIR (son)- brother James II (heir) was openly Catholic
Parliament plans to pass an “exclusion bill” which would deny throne to a Catholic
Charles quickly dissolves parliament in response
When he dies, James becomes king
ers

52. James II

53. James II
Believes himself to be Divine Right Ruler- no consent from Parliament
He appoints Catholics to high offices
Violate laws passed by Restoration Parliament
Reaction: James dissolves Parliament and won’t call another

54. Unhappy Protestants
1687 James announces govt. posts open to Catholics and Protestants
Although he issues religious tolerance, the divide causes troops to rally
13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change state religion to Catholicism
1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of kings (second wife)

55. Protestants’ Plan
Mary, daughter of first wife, married to William of Orange – invited to overthrow James II
They accepted
Nobody tried to stop William and troops
James and family flee to France
Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling

56. Growth of Parliament’s Power

57. Under William and Mary 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights
Things ruler could NOT do
Parliament had certain rights
Laws could not be suspended
Approval of taxes
Freedom of speech
No standing army
No excessive bail
*Written as influenced by the ideas of John Locke who writes Two Treatises of Government –