1. Contending Nationalist Loyalties
Social 20-2
evaluate the importance of reconciling contending nationalist loyalties

2. Quebecois Nationalism
Language loyalties
Bill 101
Language Loyalties

3. Inuit Perspectives Connection to land Lifestyles change for services
Self-determination
Land connection
For thousands of years the Inuit developed a lifestyle that required the land to meet their needs. They developed a way of life that used the environment. Recently they have adopted more efficient hunting tools (eg snowmobiles, and rifles) to increase their results.
Lifestyle changes
With these technological improvements the need to be nomadic was not necessary. This led to permanent settlements which then led to services in health care, education etc. This resulted in the Inuit becoming part of a money based economy which changed their lifestyle even further.
Read article on p 109 focusing on the contention of loyalties between economic benefits of min and lose of Inuit life.
Self-determination
The Nunavut Act created a new self-governing territory and returned to the Inuit control over their own affairs permitting a territorial-level government to reflect the circumstances of the central and eastern Arctic. The concerns of these regions are very different economically and culturally than those in the western Arctic.

4. National Loyalty Dual Citizenship pro’s con’s
Government officials loyalty?
Contemporary
Dual Citizenship
The Citizenship Canada law was amended on February 14, 1977 to make it possible for Canadians to hold dual citizenship. The U.S. Supreme Court, in April 1990, adopted a policy which allowed dual citizenship for their citizens too. The acceptance of dual citizenship varies around the globe. Some countries, such as China, Japan and Denmark, do not permit dual citizenship; others, like India, will allow dual nationality for its citizens who move to one of a small list of countries including Canada. And then there are others like Syria that do not allow their people to renounce their citizenship ever. Advantages ease of travel in that country
employment opportunities
entitlement to social programs, such as pensions
property ownership
unrestricted residency
Disadvantages
When you are in the second country of citizenship, the laws of that country prevail over those of Canada. You may have legal obligations to repay the cost of services received, including educational costs and any other benefits received. You may also be subject to restrictions on exit, subject to taxes, and even to compulsory military service. Many countries have a recurring fee that needs to be paid to maintain your status.
In some countries, traveling with two passports can result in the confiscation of one of them.

5. Maher Arar
Pg. 106

6. National Loyalty Government officials loyalty? Contemporary
Stephen Dion former head of Liberal party would not give up his French citizenship unless it was significantly felt to be needed.
CLICK
Former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner was born in the United Kingdom and retains his dual citizenship to this day.
Former Governor General Michaelle Jean renounced her French citizenship two days before taking up office to avoid controversy. The French government would withdraw the French nationality from French citizens holding government or military positions in other countries and Jean's appointment made her both de facto head of state and commander-in-chief of the Canadian forces.
ASK: divided loyalties???
Contemporary
What about after 9/11? There have been plenty of questions regarding loyalty of Muslims to the Muslim ummah (an Arabic word meaning “Community" or “nation". It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the context of pan-Arabism) the whole Arab world) rather than to their country. For example the bombers in London were citizens of England.

7. NON-Nationalist Loyalties
Religious loyalties
Hutterites
Religious loyalties
Hutterites, Doukhobor, Mennonite
Each of these groups are pacifists and have faced persecution. Some contentious issues still exist with these groups among the communities surrounding them. It pits civic and religious loyalties against each other.
Pg 106

8. NON-Nationalist Loyalties
Regional loyalties
Canada
World examples
Regional Loyalties
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In Canada there exists regional loyalties, such as the East VS Western Canada or the Prairies VS Atlantic, even those versus Canadian loyalty. Those who move to a new region or province of Canada often face issues of contending loyalty. The questions is: How to reconcile this difference. Does the contention differ if you need to move but don’t want to versus wanting to leave to get away?
What type of conflicting loyalties do citizens of countries in the European Union face. Each country has an historic connection to their nation-state, yet the new European Union makes them adopt a loyalty to the Europe Union, which may not benefit their individual country. The same issues exist with the African Union and organizations like NATO. In these types of organizations the mandate of the organization may come in conflict with the nation-state and the individual or state must find a way to resolve that difference. They may begin to look at the world as their nation, similar to Doctors without borders who do not have any affiliation with and political grouping which results in them assisting anyone regardless of their beliefs or values. P

9. Competing Regional and National Loyalties
Often expressed by actively promoting the interests of a person’s region
What would be some interests that Alberta specifically would be wanting to promote?

10. Oil, Gas & Regional Loyalty
1970’s - Canada and other countries experienced inflation
Inflation is the rise in prices and drop in the purchasing power of money
1973 – War between Israel & some oil-rich Arab countries
These oil-rich countries stopped selling oil to Western countries that supported Israel which caused a worldwide shortage of oil and increased oil and gas prices
Pg 95

11. Oil, Gas & Regional Loyalty
Prices of many other manufactured products also rose
Due to high energy bills, there were lost jobs in many provinces
Alberta – high oil prices brought profit for some companies, higher tax/revenues for provincial government and more jobs for Albertans

12. Oil, Gas & Regional Loyalty
1973 – Trudeau froze Canada oil prices and started taxing oil from Western Canada
This would help Eastern provinces

13. A Clash of Loyalties
Belief that the government favored Central to Western Canada
Alberta produced 86% of Canada’s oil and fixed prices and added taxes meant less income
This relationship struggled from the 1970 to 1980s (federal vs. provincial government)

15. The National Energy Program
1980 – NEP was designed to protect Canada from rising world oil prices and help to produce as much oil as Canadians needed and increase ownership
Created government owned Petro – Canada company
NEP hurt the economy, making many foreign countries pull out of Canada completely, causing many Albertans to lose their jobs

16. The National Energy Program
Sept – Lougheed and Trudeau reached an agreement that gave Alberta more control
Petro-Can sold to private shareholders
How do you think the NEP created contending loyalties in the hearts of Albertans? Of Canadians in other regions?

17. The Oil Sands & Loyalties
1990s – 2000s Alberta was booming and the price of oil was going up
Opened vast areas of province to oil development
People moving to province caused housing costs to rise and people had trouble finding living space

18. The Oil Sands & Loyalties
How would Alberta environmentalists feel about cutting down forests and using water?
Would they have any contending loyalties?

19. The Oil Sands & Ideological Loyalties
Ideology – a set of beliefs, system of ideas, way of thinking
Influenced by culture, language, heritage and values
EX: political and religious beliefs and value systems

20. The Oil Sands & Ideological Loyalties
People who support oil sands development may be inspired by regional and nationalist loyalties
May believe developing oil sands benefits both Alberta and Canada
May believe that price of developing oil sands is too high due to the damage it does to the environment, strip mining 3000 square kilometres of boreal forest

22. The Oil Sands & Ideological Loyalties
Imagine that as an Alberta, you join Green Peace.
Do you have any contending loyalties?
Is there any way they can be reconciled?
If so, how?

23. The Oil Sands & Cultural Loyalties
Threatened traditional First Nations way of life
Provides jobs, but takes away from traditions such as fishing, hunting and trapping
Pollution of water, loss of resources
We need to find sustainable solutions and safeguards

24. Global Loyalties Internationalism Oxfam Doctors without Borders
Greenpeace
WWF
Internationalism
There are many worldwide that believe in co-operation among nations for the benefit and well-being of humankind. Some feel loyal to the global community rather than a specific nation-state or nation. Organizations like the following have different loyalties than to a nation-state or nations.
Oxfam helps find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice
Doctors without borders provides medical relief in catastrophes, armed conflict. ASK which event (medical relief after catastrophe OR armed conflict) would most likely provide contending loyalties
Greenpeace works to change attitudes to protect the environment and promote peace Ask same as above
WWF World Wildlife Fund work towards stopping the degradation of the planet.
Read page 117 display on contending loyalties
Read page 118 on contending loyalties from article. Fill in chart for formative marks