1. Towards a University Agenda on Engineering Policy and the
4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, August 2000
Towards a University Agenda on
Engineering Policy
and the
Management of Technology
Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor
CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon

2. Background: trends for the University ? Conceicão & heitor (1999)
Valorization of human and intellectual capital?
Codified knowledge
(“software”)
Tacit knowledge
(“wetware”)
Challenges and … Opportunities...

3. TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE UNIVERSITIES and R&D IN SOCIETY
1. Intellectual Property Protection
issues: economic impact negligible
promotes institutional integrity
requires adaptation and flexibility
2. Technology Infrastructures and Science Parks
issues: emphasis local development
have not promoted U-I linkages
The model: “american university” as reference

4. TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN SOCIETY
The trend: a process of “institutional convergence”
The result: universities today, despite their long historical I inheritance, are relatively new institutions…
… with a complex set of incentive structures and organizational features (Rosenberg & Nelson, 1996)
The threat: institutional integrity
The analysis: “standard”, linear model has been implicit in m most studies

5. The knowledge gap (Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)
Edudation / training
for last 10 years
2000
2010
Education / training
acquired for more than 10 years
New technologies
Existing
technologies
2000
2010
2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10 years,
while 80% of working force has acquired training with more than 10 years

6. QUESTION
Which trends for advanced education and research in engineering schools,
in a way to contribute for the challenges faced by engineering and technology to enhance innovation?

7. Our Argument... The need for institutional renewal,
The scope:... the globalized “learning society”!
Knowledge Institutions Learning Organisations
Intellectual Property Learning Networks
The need for institutional renewal,
…promoting diversity with institutional integrity,
(Conceicão & Heitor, 1999)
…making use of partnerships!
(Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli, 2000)
BUT, understanding research (R&D; R&T; R&L),
promoting research for creative teaching,
and integrating technology, policy and management!

8. The CONTEXT 1. Technological change: accelerating
OCDE: “FUTURES”, Hannover 2000
EC: “IPTS - Futures Report”, 2000
1. Technological change: accelerating
The “new” economy: “the big boom”
3. Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity
“Governance”: a new model!

9. Technological Change: materials, IPTS(1999)BC
5000 BC
1000
1500
1800
1900
1940
1960
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
GOLD
COOPER
BRONZE
METALS
METALS
IRON
GLASSY METALS
AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS
DUAL PHASE STEELS
MICROALLOYED STEELS
POLYMERS
NEW SUPER ALLOYS
DEVELOPMENT SLOW
MOSTLY QUALITY
CONTROL AND
PROCESSING
CAST IRON
SKIN
FIBRE
GUMS
STEELS
ALLOY
IVORY
STEELS
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
COMPOSITES
SURFACE
ENGINEERING
LIGHT
ALLOYS
BRICKS (with STRAW)
POLYMERS
RUBBER
WOOD
SUPER ALLOYS
CONDUCTING
POLYMERS
PAPER
HIGH TEMPERATURE
POLYMERS
STONE
TITANIUM
ZINCONIUM
ETC
ALLOYS
FLINT
COMPOSITES
BAKELITE
HIGH MODULUS
POLYMERS
POTTERT
GLASS
CERAMIC COMPOSITES
EPOXIES
NYLON
METAL-MATRIX
CEMENT
POLYESTERS
COMPOSITES
CERAMICS
CERAMICS
REFRACTORIES
KEVLAR
SUPERCONDUCTORS
PORTLAND
CEMENT
SILICA
FUSED
TOUGH ENGINEERING
CERAMICS
CERMETS
10000 BC
1000
1500
1800
1900
1940
1960
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
5000 BC

10. Technological Change:
telecommunications

11. Technological Change:
perspectives
The Convergence: telecommunications and computers ...
The QUESTION : scope and scale
TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESSES
more technologies to produce each product
PRODUCT
TECHNOLOGY
PROCESSES
more products produced from a given technology
Source: von Tunzelmann (1999))
PRODUCTS

12. Emerging interactions... Source: BIPEto
New reactors
Nuclear fusion
New energy biomass
Photovoltaic materials
Fuel cells
Superconductors
Supervision of energy processes
Robotics
Security systems
energy
Batteries
Pacemakers
Artificial Heart
Recombin. DNA
New drugs
Enzymatic Synthesis
Membranes
Biocompatible materials
Instrumental analysis of dna sequences
biotechnologies
Power lasers
Bio-leaching
Biological ore processing
New alloys
Ceramics and composits
Computer based design of new materials
materials
Photovoltaic applications
Biosensors
Biochips
Semiconductors
Telematics
Automation
Computers
information technologies
from

13. The importance of Technology in corporate development
Case study: Innovation in Italy (Evangelista & Sirilli, 1997)
The convergence of sectors is emerging, with the growing importance of technology in corporate development

14. The structure of the “new” economy
Technology replaces employment
Economy without employment
Demand Deficit
Agriculture
Indústry
Services
Industrial
era
Knowledge
era
I- Recession
Services
Agriculture
Technology creates
new industries and opportunities
Entrepreneurial economy
Value creation
Indústry
II- Growth

15. THE ISSUE …1 The evidence:
“The major source of economic growth in developed countries has been science-based technology”, Kuznets (1966)
“The explosion in knowledge creation was concentrated in a few regions, and led to similarly concentrated distribution of income”,
World Bank (1999)
The most daunting problem is that of “spiritual inequality”, Fogel (1999)

16. Regional diversity in Western Europe
Fonte: Sixth Periodic Report DG XVI 1998

17. THE ISSUE …2 A specific issue: EUROPEAN DIVERSITY
“With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an extent that development tends to be conceived as something that is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs, from external doors…
…this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development within LFRs”,
Henderson & Morgan (1999)

18. source: Community Innovation Survey, OCT-PT
Innovation in EU
source: Community Innovation Survey, OCT-PT

19. The ISSUE concluding
The need to consider engineering research and teaching in a broader context, leading to innovation:
Promoting value, by exploiting change
Understanding institutional development
Integrating systems of competence building and social cohesion
OUR GOAL: to discuss the emergence of a university agenda on engineering policy and the management of technology

20. Which specific driving forces?
advanced education and research in
engineering policy and management of technology...
Which specific driving forces?
Productivity
The knowledge-based industries
Resouces
Scale vs intensity
Industrial structure
Institutional development
The regional dimension
Sustainable development
Social capital for the inclusive development

21. Which relevant topics? advanced education and research in
engineering policy and management of technology...
Which relevant topics?
Advanced Research Methods for decision support and policy analisis
Management of technology and innovation
Organizational design and institutional development
Technology policy (environment; industrial; communications)

22. 1. Productivity

23. 2. Knowledge-based industries
OECD(2000)
Average annual real value added growth of knowledge based industries (1985 share year)
Share in business sector value added in knowledge business industries (share year 1996)

24. Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on Innovation
3. RESOURCES
Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on Innovation

25. Perspectives for “change”:
Public vs private R&D expenditures
0,025
0,05
0,075
0,1
0,125
0,25
0,375
0,5
Public R&D Expenditures per capita
Private R&D Expenditures per capita
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Japan
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden UK US
Belgium
Czech Rep
Hungary
Korea
Mexico
New Zealand
Poland
Turkey FR D JP
USA UK
P97
P95 ES SE IR
P81

26. R&D Expenditure (OECD)
4. Scale vs Intensity
R&D Expenditure (OECD)

27. 5. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
EU-13
YEAR
Portugal 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1983
1987
1991
1995
YEAR 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1983
1987
1991
1995
Food, beverages & tobacco
Textiles, apparel & leather
Wood products & furniture
Paper, paper products & printing
Chemical products
Non-metallic mineral products
Basic metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Other manufacturing, nec

28. 5. Industrial structure: Dynamics

29. 6. Institutional Development
Market Regulation and Employment Protection
Nicoletti, Scarpetta & Boylaud; OECD (2000)

30. 7. The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap
1. Input: HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
2. output: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES
3. determining factors :
international cooperation
sme`s: support services
networks
FDI: integration in local economies
transports, communications, energy infrastructures
… BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS

31. 7. The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap …cont.
Most development programmes stand on their ability to build “social capital”: a relational infrastructure for collective action
This requires a shift in development studies:
from state-led or market-driven processes, regardless time, space or milieu
to institutional perspective, looking at the quality of institutional networks

32. 7. The regional dimension: technology and innovation gap …cont.
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate:
mediate information exchange
knowledge creation
capacity for collective action
potential for interactive learning
efficacy of voice mechanisms
Henderson & Morgan (1999)

33. 9. Social capital for inclusive development
OECD(2000)

34. POLICY ISSUES Towards an Agenda for innovation and technology policy:
THE CONTEXT:
increase importance of knowledge for development
THE CHALLENGE:
how to promote the learning society?
Towards an Agenda for innovation and technology policy:
1. the framework: interactive nature of innovation
2. balancing innovation and diffusion
3. wetware/software interaction
4. the inclusive development
5. the institutional development

35. Management of Technology !
… debate
…challenges and opportunities for a University Agenda on:
Engineering Policy
and the
Management of Technology !

36. KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION
Creation and distribution of knowledge
Economic growth and development
Technological innovation and development
PROCESSES: complex and diversified
INVESTMENT: education; R&D; learning-by-doing
AGENTS: state, firms, universities, schools

37. Perspectives for “change”
Building the conceptual framework
…Systems of Innovation and Competence Building!
The notion of localised technological change:
a joint process of production, learning and communication
a fully endogenous, with strong interdependence between specialisation and diversification
important, but limited role of demand
based on mix of generic and tacit knowledge
The science base:
” …the aim of policy should be to create a broad and productive science base, closely linked to higher education…”, Pavitt (1998)