2. To understand how and why the United States grew during the 19th and early 20th Centuries.

3. After the Spanish-American War, the United States had acquired an empire.
As the 20th Century began, the United States cared about their interests in the Pacific and Asia, as well as their interests in Latin America.
The handling of the affairs between the United States and Latin America ran the line between very good and poor, it was all dependent upon the American president.

4. After the war, the United States acquired Puerto Rico from the Spanish.
In 1900, the United States Congress passed the Foraker Act.
The act established the government in Puerto Rico. It was very similar to the government established in the Philippines.

5. The United States would select the governor and choose the eleven members of an executive council.
Five of the council members must be native- born Puerto Ricans.
The council would serve as the upper house of the legislature.
The lower house would have their members elected by the people of Puerto Rico.

6. The reaction to the Foraker Act was mixed.
Leaders such as Ramon Betances were completely against the Foraker Act.
Puerto Rican businessmen were in favor of the Foraker Act, it created investment in the island and helped to strengthen the economy.
Puerto Rican farmers were against the Foraker Act, many American investors would take the best land.
Many Puerto Ricans, however, were dead set against American rule. They were certainly not independent.

7. What was the Foraker Act?
This act established the first American-style government in Puerto Rico. The government would have a two house legislature. The upper house would be chosen by the US and the lower house would be chosen by the people themselves.

8. Foraker Act.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
 the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

9. After the Spanish-American War, the United States kept an active interest in Cuba.
The United States had invested a lot of money in the Cuban economy, so they were interested in the island’s affairs.
The United States also cared about keeping the Cubans under tight control so that no other nation would influence their decision making ability.

10. The military government of Cuba was led by General Leonard Wood, who made dramatic improvements for the Cuban way of life.
Walter Reed, an American doctor, made huge strides in improving the medical and health standards of the island.
However, the average Cuban, did not like the United States interfering in their daily affairs.

11. In 1900, the Cubans drafted their own Constitution.
The following year, the United States Congress passed the Platt Amendment.
The Platt Amendment stated:
1-The Cubans would sell/rent land to the United States. (Guantanamo Bay)‏
2-The United States would maintain law and order in Cuba.
3-Cuba could not borrow more money than they could repay in a loan from a foreign nation.
The Cubans accepted the terms of the Platt Amendment and then the American troops left the island.
In 1959, Cuba overthrew the American-supported government.

12. What was the Platt Amendment?
This amendment allowed the US to receive land in Cuba, provide a constant presence in Cuba to maintain law and order and Cuba could not borrow $ from any other nations besides the US.

13. The US Senator, Orville Platt, the man who sponsored the Amendment.
Teller Amendment (1898)
The US Senator, Orville Platt,
the man who sponsored the
Amendment.
Platt Amendment (1903)‏
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

14. The idea of building a canal across Panama began in the 1800s.
During the Spanish-American War, the United States realized how important a canal would have been in their military strategy.
During the growth of big business, American businesses, supported the idea of building a canal for quicker travel.
With the victory in the war, the United States believed they could build the canal.

15. Getting the canal built was a difficult task.
The first difficulty was in getting the permission to build the canal.
The French were the first to build the canal. They started in 1881, but they soon ran out of money.
The French company, then, sold the rights to build the canal. The US Congress paid $40 million to get the rights. President Roosevelt gave the green light.

16. The second difficulty was the government of Colombia.
The United States and the Colombian governments tried to negotiate a deal to sell the land. However, the United States’ offer of $10 million was too low in the eyes of the Colombian government.
The Colombians feared that their decision would anger the US. It did.

17. In November 1903, people who wanted a canal to be built in Panama, staged a revolt.
American warships were sent by President Roosevelt to stop the Colombian soldiers from ending the Panamanian revolt.
Soon after, the Republic of Panama was established and the US immediately recognized their sovereignty, gee…the Canal.

18. Panama and the United States signed the Hay- Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
In this treaty, the United States would pay $10 million dollars and then pay $250,000 annually to control the land needed to build the canal.
The United States also agreed that Panama would be independent.

19. Building the canal was a serious undertaking.
The US had to build a canal through jungles and mountains.
The builders had to contend with diseases from mosquitoes such as malaria. Colonel William Gorgas fought to end yellow fever and malaria in the region.
The canal was finally opened in The United States controlled the canal from 1914 until when the canal was put under the control of the Panamanians.

20. 1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
1901  Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903  Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty.

21. Theodore Roosevelt at Panama Canal

22. Who attempted to build a canal across Panama?
The French, but they ran out of $.

23. What did the US offer Colombia for the rights to build the canal?
Ten million dollars which the Colombians rejected. The US would then sponsor the Panamanian Revolution.

24. Why were the Colombians against the canal treaty?
They thought the offer was too low.

25. Who was William Gorgas?
The doctor who rid the canal area of yellow fever.

26. Getting the Panama Canal built was part of Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy-this was his foreign policy. (Remember, his domestic policy dealt with progressive issues.)‏
Roosevelt stated, “Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt believed that the United States should use force (the big stick) when necessary to protect Americans interests.

27. As president, Theodore Roosevelt was concerned that many Latin American nations were not able to repay their debts to Europe.
Roosevelt, also believed that the nations of Europe would use force to collect what was rightfully theirs.
This did happen when the nations of Europe blockaded Venezuela so they would repay its debts.
Roosevelt believed that this could happen…again and again.

28. In 1904, Roosevelt added a corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine.
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States would intervene in Latin America if the nation would be unable to pay their debts.
The Roosevelt Corollary, also stated that the United States would use its international police power to protect the nations of Latin America and prevent Western Europe from interfering in Latin America.
This corollary was put to use in 1905.

29. Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

31. Where and how did President Roosevelt use big stick diplomacy?
Theodore Roosevelt used his big stick policy in Latin America. He used the big stick policy because he was concerned that many Latin American nations would not be able to pay their debts to Europe.

32. What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
This corollary written by Theodore Roosevelt stated that the US would have to interfere in Latin America if those nations were unable to pay their debts.

33. Dollar Diplomacy was the foreign policy of President William Howard Taft.
Taft, followed Roosevelt, in that both men believed that the United States should interfere in the affairs of the nations in order to protect our interests.
Taft, also believed that the United States should invest money in the nations of Latin America.

34. This idea worked and strengthened our economy while bolstering our political strength.
The United States could use the raw materials of Latin America to make our goods while the nations would provide markets for our goods.
We would be stronger politically because with our investments, we would have a say in the events of Latin America without using force.

35. Taft also protected our interests by guaranteeing Latin American debts.
By doing this, the United States would prevent the nations of Europe from investing in Latin America.

36. Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

37. Who was the President that used dollar diplomacy in Latin America?
Dollar Diplomacy was the foreign policy of William Taft in Latin America. His policy encouraged American businesses to invest money in the region.

38. When Wilson became President in 1913, he used the ideas of New Freedom to handle the events in Latin America.
Wilson, went against the ideas of Taft and Roosevelt in Latin America by encouraging fair play and friendship instead of using economic and political pressure.
He, too, was not perfect.

39. Wilson used force several times in the Caribbean.
Wilson, sent in the military, when he thought our interests were threatened. He sent the military to help back democratic governments.
Wilson’s use of force and American interference was not welcomed by the people of Latin America.
One good thing Wilson did was he bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25,000,000.

40. Mexico, also, proved to be a tough place for Wilson’s foreign policy.
Mexico, in the early years of the 20th century, underwent a violent revolution.
1912: The President of Mexico, Francisco Madero , was assassinated by followers of General Victoriano Huerta.
The US did not recognize Huerta’s government as legitimate. Taft left this problem for Wilson.

41. Wilson, also, did not recognize the government of Huerta.
The United States refused to send aid to Mexico.
1914: The United States military was sent to Mexico to stop an arms shipment to Huerta. The United States and Mexico nearly go to war.

42. General Huerta was forced to leave office.
The new government of Mexico was led by American-supported Venustiano Carranza.
With the support of the United States, this government was opposed by many Mexicans, including Pancho Villa.
Villa began killing American troops in northern Mexico as well as being the only man to invade the US. Villa attacked southern New Mexico.

43. How did President Wilson want to change the US foreign policy towards Latin America?
Wilson wanted to stop using military force and pressure and encourage the US to abide (follow) by the rules of fair play, friendship and competition.

44. Where did Wilson use force?
He used force in the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

45. What was the problem between the US and Mexico?
In the time of Wilson’s presidency, the US had a problem recognizing the government of Mexico that was led by General Victoriano Huerta.

46. Why did General Pershing lead American forces into Mexico?
The reason is because the US was being attacked by Mexican rebels led by Pancho Villa.

47. Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

48. Zapata
Pancho Villa
Carranza
Diaz
Francisco Madero

49. The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

50. General John J. Pershing captures Pancho Villa in 1914.