1. Fuel consumption measurement in LDVs WLTP 2nd act Working Group
Brussels, 17 July 2017
Cosmin Codrea European Commission
CLIMA C.4 Road Transport
Disclaimer The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official European Commission’s view on the subject

2. A number of sources show an increasing “gap“ between TA CO2 and average real-world under NEDC in the EU of up to around 40% (from an historical gap of around 10-20%).
JRC estimate
Source: ICCT (2016)

3. Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC
Introduction of the WLTP as of September 2017
Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC
Parameters
NEDC
WLTP
duration (s)
1180
1800
distance (km)
11.03
23.27
av. speed (km/h)
33.6
46.5
maximum speed (km/h)
120
131.3
stop duration (%)
23.7
12.6
constant driving (%)
40.3
3.7
acceleration (%)
20.9
43.8
deceleration (%)
15.1
39.9
av. positive acc. (m/s2)
0.59
0.41
max positive acc. (m/s2)
1.04
1.67
av. positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3)
1.99
max positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3)
9.22
21.01
av. deceleration (m/s2)
−0.82
−0.45
minimum deceleration (m/s2)
−1.39
−1.50

4. The WLTP is expected to have a significant effect on certified CO2 emissions and their representativeness vs. real-world average
The effect is anticipated to be very vehicle-specific depending on the mix of technologies applied

5. At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time
Commission and Member States are asked to establish: "remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations
"targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)"
EP ENVI Committee
"ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring"
EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

6. At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time
Commission and Member States are asked to establish: "remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations
"targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)"
EP ENVI Committee
"ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring"
EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

7. On-board fuel consumption measurement device
Enabling technology needed for robust real-world CO2 monitoring:
On-board fuel consumption measurement device
State of play:
Quantity of injected fuel: key parameter for combustion control
Information exists but not standardised to date in terms of
OBD access
accuracy requirements

8. Legal Basis:
Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, "establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles"

9. Delineation from EU 2014/0012 (COD)
Legal Basis
Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, "establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles"
Delineation from EU 2014/0012 (COD)
No requirements for dashboard display
Source: wikipedia

10. Legal Structure
to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS) and avoid excessive TA burden
On-board fuel consumption measurement device
Step: self-declaration at TA for all new LDVs as of 2021
Step: verification procedure in subsequent act
to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring

11. On-board fuel consumption measurement device
Legal Structure
to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS) and avoid excessive TA burden
On-board fuel consumption measurement device
Step: self-declaration at TA for all new LDVs as of 2021
Step: verification procedure in subsequent act
to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring
WLTP 2nd act

12. Reference Standards
CARB OBD II regulation, section of title 13, California Code of Regulations from July 25, OBD FCM: phased in as of 2019, fully applicable as of 2021.
ISO CAN - OBD communication protocol
SAE J1979 < = > ISO
SAE J1979-DA (2017 update)
message and parameter definitions (digital annex)

13. Parameters to be determined and stored on-board
For Petrol, Diesel, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs. [Gaseous fuels and FCEVs to be discussed. For BEVs parameters a, c, e, and f would not apply].
a. Total Fuel Consumed (Lifetime)
b. Total Distance Travelled (Lifetime)
c. Total Fuel Consumed (Recent)
d. Total Distance Travelled (Recent)
e. Engine fuel rate (instantaneous)
f. Vehicle fuel rate (instantaneous)
Additional parameters for PHEVs and BEVs
g. Total grid energy into the battery (Lifetime)
h. Total grid energy into the battery (Recent)

14. CARB OBD II regulation of 2016
Accuracy requirements (work in progress)
Several references:
CARB OBD II regulation of 2016
TNO "Fuel consumption meter requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final report"
JRC measurements (on-going)

15. Estimates for component cost
TNO 2013 estimate: up to €10 (including the dashboard information display)
Cost for storing and releasing the few proposed fuel consumption parameters expected to be much lower (mainly software update)
CARB 2015 cost estimate for additional ECU memory for all new OBD II requirements: $5.51 (required for 10% of US fleet)

16. Draft amendment presented to TCMV: 7 September
Indicative timing of the regulatory process
Draft amendment presented to TCMV: 7 September
Discussion at WLTP 2nd act WG: September
Informal agreement of TCMV: 5 October
Vote as part of the WLTP 2nd act: March 2018

17. References
EP EMIS Committee
EP ENVI Committee
Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) HLG Opinion 2016 "Closing the gap"
TNO 2010 – "Effects of a gear-shift indicator and a fuel economy meter on fuel consumption"
TNO "Fuel consumption meter requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final report"
CARB OBD II regulation, section of title 13, California Code of Regulations, as approved by OAL on July 25,
CARB 2015 STAFF REPORT: Technical Status and Proposed Revisions to On-Board Diagnostic System Requirements and Associated Enforcement Provisions for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles and Engines (OBD II)