1. -Bones (206) -Ligaments -Cartilage -Teeth
Skeletal System: Ch. 7
-Bones
(206)
-Ligaments
-Cartilage
-Teeth

2. Functions- 2. Protection: (skullbrain, ribs heart)
1. Support: (framework that shapes the body)
2. Protection: (skullbrain, ribs heart)

3. 3. Body Movement: (the levers that are moved by muscle)
4. Mineral Storage: (mostly Ca & P) (regulated by hormones)
5. Hematopoiesis: (blood cell formation)

4. 6 Storage of Energy (fats in yellow marrow)

5. Types of Bone: 1. Long - ex.= femur, humerus, tibia, etc.
2. Short or Cubic - ex.=
phalanges(fingers toes)
carpals (wrist)

6. 3. Flat - ex.= parts of the skull, scapula (shoulder blade), ribs
4. Irregular - ex.= vertebrae, facial bones

7. *Sesamoid bone, ex. – Patella (kneecap)
*Sutural bones, between suture joints in skull
* Not one of the 4 main bone types

8. Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):
Epiphysis: bulbous ends of bone
Diaphysis: main shaft of the bone
Periosteum: Dense white fibrous covering of bone (tendons and ligaments “weave” into this)
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage of joint surfaces

9. Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):
Endosteum: thin epithelial membrane lining medullary cavity
Bone tissue:
compact
spongy (cancellous)
Medullary Cavity: tubelike hollow center

10. Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):
Marrow:
red:-in the spongy bone of epiphysis
-makes blood cells (red, white, platelets)
yellow:
-in the medullary cavity
-mostly fat but makes some white bl. Cells

11. 2 Bone Tissues Compact Bone –
dense cylinder shaped units- Haversian systems (osteons)
Cancellous (spongy) Bone-
only looks like a sponge - NOT soft
open spaces contain red marrow
Beams of bone are called trabeculae
NO Haversian system!

12. Spongy bone
Compact bone

14. Haversian System of compact bone:
- also known as “osteons” and are made of 4 structures:
1. Lamellae- concentric layers of hard calcified matrix
2. Lacunae- “little lakes” where bone cells lie “imprisoned” between the lamellae.
3. Canaliculi- “tiny canals” connecting cells of the lacunae
4. Haversian canal- runs through the center of the Haversian
system and contains blood vessels
(Volkmann’s canals – like Haversian canal but perpendicular)

15. Types of Bone Cells Osteoblast- makes bone
Osteoclast- break down bone to release minerals
Osteocytes- mature osteoblasts “frozen” in lacunae

17. Types of Cartilage 1. Hyaline: lining of joints
2. Fibro- cartilage: shock absorbers of knees and spine (meniscus in knees, intervertebral discs in spine)
3. Elastic -ears, nose, etc.

18. Development of Bone: - called “osteogenesis” – 2 kinds:
-Long bone = endochondral ossification (Cartilage becomes bone)
-Flat bone=intermembranous ossification (fibrous membrane becomes bone)
-growth: epiphyseal plate
(growth plate) cartilage
thickens and becomes
ossified lengthening
long bones
osteoBlasts=bone Builder cells
osteoCLasts= bone CLearer cells

19. Types of Fractures: Simple: does not break the skin
Greenstick: bending of the bone, (cracks on one side)
Comminuted: breaks into several pieces
Spiral: from twisting injury
Compound: breaks the skin
Hangman’s: a very dangerous break of 1st or 2nd neck vertebrae