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Published byLynette Cunningham Modified over 6 years ago
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ENERGY: Fossil Fuels Primary and Secondary Energy Sources
Oil Production, Economics, and Impacts Coal and Other Fossil Fuels Energy Conservation (use less more efficiently)
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History of How the Work Got Done
Human Labor (Slaves) Domestic animals Wind and water Steam (ships and locomotives) Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine engine) Nuclear
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Energy Consumption in the USA
Sequence of use Wood Coal Oil Natural gas Water (hydro) Nuclear power Solar & Wind (?)
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Electric Power Generation - Steam
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Electric Power Generation - Hydro
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Match Dominant Primary With Secondary Energy Sources
oil-based fuels natural gas coal nuclear power more than one of the above Secondary transportation industrial processes heating and cooling spaces generation of electrical power
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How Fossil Fuels Are Formed
Millions of years of …. 1) photosynthesis exceeding respiration (decomposition). 2) detritus accumulation. 3) burial of detritus. 4) pressure & heat (metamorphosis).
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Crude Oil Reserves and Production
10% Rule?
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Hubbart Oil Production Predictions
U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s) Dependence on OPEC oil will increase Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.
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OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Increased or Decreased Since the 1970s?
Consumption of fuels derived from oil Discoveries of new oil in the united states Production of oil in the united states The gap between production and consumption United States dependence on foreign oil
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Cost of Oil Imports
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Increased or Decreased Because of Higher Cost of Oil Imports?
Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil. Renewed production from old oil fields. Efforts toward fuel conservation. Consumption. Development of alternative energy sources. Dependence on foreign oil.
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U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil
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Who Has The Oil? Proven Reserves in Billions of Barrels
Region Reserves North America 75.7 South and Central America 79.1 Europe 20.2 Former Soviet Countries 57.0 Middle East 676.4 Africa 67.6 Far East and Oceania 42.3 Total 1018.3
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Foreign Oil Dependence
Problems: Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource Impacts: Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills Trade imbalances Military actions
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Why Was Persian Gulf War Fought?
To free the people of Kuwait? To protect Kuwait oil fields from Iraq? To drive up domestic oil prices? To force OPEC to come to terms on oil prices?
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What a Barrel of Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$14 is initial price per barrel + $80 for military support services = $94 is actual price per barrel
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Future Fossil Fuel Supplies
Oil & Natural gas - 50 year supply Coal year supply Oil shales and oil sands - complex extraction technologies
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Major Coal Deposits in the United States
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Electrical Power From Burning Coal Advantages or Disadvantages?
Pollution from secondary energy source Pollution from primary energy source Habitat alterations Environmental effects of mining
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Environmental problems with coal…
increasing CO2 levels leads to global warming coal combustion produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas acid rain associated with burning high-sulfur coal acid drainage from coal mines (sulfur exposed to oxygen/water > sulfuric acid) surface (“strip”) mining damage
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More than 70% of coal derived by surface mining (strip-mining)
Remove over-burden (rocks/soil) first 90% of coal can be removed if relatively flat terrain
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Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita
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The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars Use florescent lights Increase home insulation Cogeneration
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Traditionally Space Heating
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Cogeneration
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