1. Social factors affecting development
UNIT 1, LEARNING AIM B4

2. Think… In what ways can being a part of the family help you develop…
Physically?
Intellectually?
Emotionally?
Socially?

3. Being a part of a family group can help you to develop by…
Forming your first emotional relationships and attachments
Providing your first experiences of social interaction
Influencing your view of what is expected of you in social settings, and what is socially acceptable behaviour
Meeting your physical needs for protection, food, shelter and warmth
Supporting you emotionally and protecting you from stress
Helping you financially or practically

4. Family dysfunction
A dysfunctional family is a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family.
Reasons why a family may become dysfunctional include:
Stress – could be financial, health or work issues
Poor parenting skills
Family members may try to manipulate or control others in the family
Children may be neglected
Inconsistency in disciplining children, so they are confused about how to behave socially
Untreated mental health issues
Alcohol or drug abuse
What consequences might there be from growing up in a dysfunctional family environment?

5. Parental divorce or separation
Family dysfunction
Parental divorce or separation
Sibling rivalry
Children or adolescents whose parents are separated can experience emotional problems such as low self-esteem and self- confidence
These can lead to depression and emotional distress
Many children feel a sense of abandonment or guilt when their parents split up
Children of divorced parents may be at a higher risk of engaging in risky behaviours such as underage drinking, smoking or sex
They may also experience problems at school
They could become withdrawn
Bandura explored the impact of role modelling and imitating behaviour in his social learning theory
Constant exposure to family conflict could lead to a child becoming aggressive and displaying bullying behaviour towards siblings
Rosenthal & Doherty (1984) suggest that children who are in rivalry with their siblings have often been bullied by their primary caregivers
Some parents will encourage competition or even conflict between siblings, either deliberately or inadvertently

6. Recall what is meant by the term “family dysfunction” and the issues surrounding parental divorce and sibling rivalry compare the four parenting styles and their effects on children identify the four types of bullying and examine their effects

7. Family dysfunction Parenting styles (Diana Baumrind (1960s)
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Parents are not overly strict
Children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
There is mutual love and respect
Children in these households are often more resilient and conform more easily to the social norms of society
Parents have very high expectations, with strict rules and regulations
Children in these households are often rebellious and may become problematic both in the family home and in wider social settings

8. Uninvolved/neglectful
Parenting styles
Permissive
Uninvolved/neglectful
Parents make few demands and may be reluctant to implement rules or values
Children will often lack a sense of self-control because they have no set boundaries or respect for personal space
This could lead to problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities
Parents are not involved in the lives of their children
They make little or no demands and lack responsiveness
Children will feel abandoned and isolated
They may have difficulties with trust and may hide their emotions
They may have very low confidence and self-esteem

9. Consider the scenarios below…
Tim is 14 years old. He enjoys being out with friends and is allowed to get home late. He is often rude to his parents, but they do not take action because they feel that he “will grow out of it”.
Katie is 11 years old. She is doing well in school. Her mum talks to her about her homework each evening and she is encouraged to finish it before seeing her friends.
Identify the parenting style
used for each young person.

10. Parenting style quiz… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29hzaoWOksE
Write the parenting style for each clip on your mini whiteboards 

11. Bullying
Bullying can be described as repetitive behaviour intended to hurt an individual emotionally and/or physically.
Many children experience bullying at school, but adults can also experience bullying behaviour.
Think about the different forms of bullying (there are four)
Give examples of each

12. Bullying can take different forms
Verbal: using words to hurt
Emotional: causing psychological hurt
Physical: using force
Cyber bullying: using technology to hurt

13. The psychological and psychiatric effects of bullying in later life:
Q628
Make notes of any key points as you watch the video

14. Effects of bullying Long-term effects Short-term effects
Inability to cope with life events
Poor self-image
Stress & anxiety
Withdrawal from school, work and activities
Eating disorders
Low self-esteem
A significant psychological effect on development, including:
Difficulties in forming relationships
Poor academic achievement
Substance misuse
Self-harm
Increased risk of suicide

15. The influence of culture and religion
Culture, community & beliefs influence…
Diet
Dress
Morality
Lifestyle
Relationships
Personal values

16. The influence of culture and religion
Medical interventions
Dietary restrictions
Most faith groups emphasise the importance of prayer as part of the healing process
Some religious groups reject medical intervention for certain procedures
For example, Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that blood transfusions, even if needed to save a life, are not to be permitted. In some cases, doctors have undertaken legal proceeding to ensure that children can receive a life-saving blood transfusion.
This affects many areas of care, for example pregnancy and childbirth, where there is a risk of haemorrhage.
Some cultures, particularly Eastern, sometimes reject Western medicine and treat their ailments with their own remedies. For example, many older Chinese people will use traditional or herbal remedies.
The most common dietary differences encountered in health care are vegetarianism, halal and kosher diets.
Faith-based dietary practice includes the food itself, the way it is prepared and served, and not being allowed to eat certain items.

17. Vegetarian – Hindi, Sikh, Buddhism
Kosher – Judaism
Dairy and meat products kept separate during preparation, serving and washing up
No pork or shellfish
Fasting for several days a year
Halal – Muslim
No pork or non-halal meats
No alcohol
Fasting during Ramadan
Vegetarian – Hindi, Sikh, Buddhism
Equipment and diet should not come into contact with meat
It is important to follow a balanced diet for healthy development. Consider the possible health benefits and health risks for a limited diet or periods of fasting. Organise in a table.
Dietary restrictions

18. Dietary restrictions Fasting Examples Possible health benefits
Possible health risks
Dietary restrictions
Fasting
Think about… weight, nutritional deficiencies, malnourishment,
low fat diets,
high fibre diets etc.

19. Dietary restrictions Fasting
Examples
Possible health benefits
Possible health risks
Dietary restrictions
Muslims forbid pork
Jews do not eat shellfish
Buddhists and many
Hindus are vegetarian
High fibre and low fat diets result in a lower risk of high cholesterol, heart disease and high blood pressure.
Reduced risk of cancers and heart disease if alcohol and stimulants are restricted.
Nutritional deficiencies – lack of calcium, iron and vitamin B12 (for red blood cells), vitamin D (healthy bone growth) and protein (for muscles, organs, skin and bones).
Fasting
Muslims fast during Ramadan
Mormons fast on the first Sunday of each month
Jews fast on Yom Kippur (and sometimes other days throughout the year).
Loss of weight, reduced cholesterol levels, detoxification
Heartburn, constipation, malnourishment, dehydration, exacerbation of existing conditions, e.g. diabetes, stress

20. What social & emotional effects could result from culture & beliefs?
Positive effects
Negative effects
People share the same values, beliefs and religion
People feel accepted and are supported by others
People feel valued by others because of their values, beliefs and religion
People are discriminated against because of their values, beliefs or religion
People feel excluded because of their values, beliefs or religion
A person’s culture is ignored or not understood