1. Colonial Model Overview

2. The Rise of the Nation State
Rise of Nation States –What are the characteristics of a nation state? How are nation states formed?
Characteristics:
NATION: Common culture (language, religion, ethnicity, etc)
STATE: Standing army created & maintained to establish/maintain sovereignty (requires money)
STATE: Growing administrative bureaucracy to collect taxes and manage the state (requires money)
*Rise of nation states = need for revenue ($)

3. Spanish Domestic Overview
1469 Spain unified into a nation state Ferdinand & Isabella Allied with the Church in Rome 1481 Spanish Inquisition Spain purged of Jews & Muslims consolidate authority confiscate property ($$$) create a common culture 1492 The Golden Age of Spain Key events in order of importance 3. Voyage of Columbus 2. Inquisition completed 1. Reconquista after 700+ years

4. Spanish Strengths & Weaknesses
Spain is unified after Inquisition & Reconquista
Large # of military veterans and a sizable military caste (Hidalgos)
Militant clergy with the Church’s blessing
Experience with colonization in the Canary Islands (disease, forced labor, slavery)
Interaction in the Mediterranean Sea with Italians & Muslim merchants
Military advantages: firearms, horses, war dogs, armor

5. Spanish Colonial Model
Colonial Organization
No tradition of democracy or upward social mobility
Spain total control over colonies
Organized into viceroyalties with a crown appointed governor
Transplanted rigid Spanish caste system
Utilized the Mission/Presidio System
Church had vast power & wealth

6. Spanish Colonial Model
Interaction with Native Americans
Forced conversions & labor via the Encomienda System (NAs = vassals)
NAs resented & resisted conversions
Intermarriage over time = mestizos
Gradual incorporation of some NA spiritual practices into the Catholic faith

7. French Domestic Overview
Political & Religious Turmoil
Hundred Years War
French Wars of Religion
Desire to build a nation state drove French Kings to fund exploration
Verrazano
Cartier
Samuel de Champlain

8. French Strengths & Weaknesses
Large country
Large population
Large bureaucracy that helped monarchs survive frequent wars
Weaknesses:
Frequent wars

9. French Colonial Model Organization:
Almost exclusively a commercial endeavor (Furs & Fishing)
Sent the fewest # of settlers
Utilized inland waterways
No tradition of democracy or political participation

10. French Colonial Model Interaction with Native Americans
Early dependence on NAs for survival & profit (furs)
Intermarried with NAs early on
Acted as a “new tribe”
First to trade guns with NAs
Religion – No forced conversions, Jesuits lived among the NAs, learned the language

11. English Domestic Overview
Political & Religious Turmoil
War of the Roses (Civil War)
1485 Henry VII establishes the Tudor Dynasty
1497 John Cabot claims lands in North America for England
Henry VIII builds a nation state (needs $$$)
1534 Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church and seizes church lands
Elizabeth I
At war with Spain for much of her reign,
1585/87 Raleigh establishes Roanoke
1588 Spanish Armada

12. English Strengths & Weaknesses
Economic liberalism – Early commitment to centralized, market economy (banking with deposits, checks, investments)
Emerging capitalism with max profits, market determined pricing
History of limited government
Weaknesses:
Early colonial efforts are privately funded
Motivation for some early colonists doomed colonists to suffering/death
Frequent threat from Spain

13. English Colonial Model
Irish Experience
establishment of plantations (colonies)
expelled Irish from their lands
no mixing with Irish (or Indians)
English more sensitive to cultural differences

14. English Colonial Model
In America:
few professional soldiers in the new world
many of the early colonies were private business ventures, not state sponsored
little positive interaction with Native Americans
early reliance on indentured servitude for labor, later largely replaced with African slave labor