1. The Large-Area Psec Photo-detector Collaboration
Henry Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne National Laboratory
4 National Labs, 5 Divisions at Argonne, 3 US small companies; electronics expertise at Universities of Chicago and Hawaii
Goal of 3-year R&D- commercializable modules.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

2. The Development of Large-area Detectors With Space and Time Resolution
OUTLINE
Application Space: Four frontiers- time resolution, area, QE, and cost (different applications sit at different points in this 4D space, but not separated by large amounts of development effort- all 4 are fertile.)
The LAPPD Collaboration: present status, and introduction to the posters and breakout session
Challenges and Surprises (e.g., funding has been available at ANL for only 1 month- not yet available at SSL, Hawaii, UC, Arradiance, Minotech, Muons,Inc, Synkera,…)
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

3. Motivation and Requirements
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

4. Application 1-Energy Frontier
At colliders we measure the 3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of quarks, the primary objects that are colliding. 2-orders-of-magnitude in time resolution would all us to measure ALL the information=>greatly enhanced discovery potential.
Specs:
Signal: 50-10,000 photons
Space resolution: 1 mm
Time resolution 1 psec
Cost: <100K$/m2:
t-tbar -> W+bW-bbar

5. Application 2- Lepton Flavor Physics
(Howard Nicholson)
Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and 3D photon vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
Spec: signal single photon, 100 ps time, 1 cm space, low cost/m2 (5-10K$/m2)*
11/13/2018
* Hermetic DUSEL specs TBD
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

6. Application 3- Medical Imaging (PET)
Reminder- mention new iniative in France for PET and Hadron Therapy using these ideas- US should not have to follow…..
Depth of interaction measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC). (note distinguished ANL/UC history in medical imaging, esp. PET)
Spec: signal 10,000 photons,30 ps time, 1 mm space, 30K$/m2, MD-proof
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

7. Application 4- Nuclear Non-proliferation
MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used as neutron detectors with good gamma separation (Nova Scientific).
Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
Time resolution corresponds to space resolution out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0– i.e can do 3D tomography of objects
Specs: Unknown
An area for possible applications- need a counterpart to form an application group.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

8. SUMMARY Characteristics in common we need
Small feature size << 300 microns
Homogeneity – the ability to make uniform large-areas (think solar-panels, floor tiles, 50”-HDTV sets)
Intrinsic low cost: although application specific, all need low-cost materials and robust batch fabrication. Need to be simple.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

9. Parallel Efforts on Specific Applications
PET
(UC/BSD, UCB, Lyon)
Collider
(UC, ANL,SLAC,.. .
Explicit strategy for staying on task
LAPD Detector Development
ANL,Arradiance,Chicago,Fermilab, Hawaii,Muons,Inc,SLAC,SSL/UCB, Synkera, U. Wash.
DUSEL
(Matt, Mayly, Bob, John, ..)
K->pnn
(UC(?))
Security
(TBD)
Drawing Not To Scale (!)
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10. Using New Technologies to Exploit Fundamentally Simple Ideas
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

11. Detector Development- 3 Prongs
MCP development- use modern fab processes to control emissivities, resistivities, out-gassing
Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive material
(amplification) on cheap inert substrates (glass capillary arrays, AAO). Scalable to large sizes; economical; pure – i.e. chemically robust and stable.
Readout: Use transmission lines and modern chip technologies for high speed cheap low-power high-density readout.
Anode is a 50-ohm stripline. Scalable up to many feet in length ; readout 2 ends; CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power.
Use computational advances -simulation as basis for design
Modern computing tools allow simulation at level of basic processes- validate with data.
11/13/2018

12. Micro-channel Plates PMTs
Satisfies small feature size and homogeneity
Photon and electron paths are short- few mm to microns=>fast, uniform Planar geometry=>scalable to large areas
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

13. Simplifying MCP Construction
Conventional Pb-glass MCP
OLD
Incom Glass Substrate
NEW
Chemically produced and treated Pb-glass does 3-functions:
Provide pores
Resistive layer supplies electric field in the pore
Pb-oxide layer provides secondary electron emission
Separate the three functions:
Hard glass substrate provides pores;
Tuned Resistive Layer (ALD) provides current for electric field (possible NTC?);
Specific Emitting layer provides SEE
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

14. Glass Substrate Status
ANL, Chicago, Incom, Minotech, SSL
Have received multiple samples of 10-micron, 20-micron, 40-micron glass substrates from Incom in 3/4”-sq and 33 mm round formats (latter the SSL/ANL development format)
Incom has ordered 8”x8” shell- they are sharing development cost (largely paying for it, in fact)
Incom is refining 8”x8” process- changes to draw, grinding, polishing. Very responsive to our needs, very flexible.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

15. Self-Assembled Passive Substrates
AAO Group: Hau Wang (ANL), Dmitry Routkevitch (Synkera)+postdoc, Synkera
Alternative to glass capillary substrate- parallel path.
Some advantages: batch production (could be very cheap), inherent purity, low radioactivity
May naturally allow funnel geometry with reflection photocathode (could be very very fast and cheap)
Longer development path, at present glass is priority
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

16. Functionalization- ALD
ALD Group: Jeff Elam, Anil Mane, Qing Peng, Thomas Proslier
(ANL:ESD/HEP), Neal Sullivan (Arradiance), Anton Tremsin (Arradiance, SSL)
Jeff Elam, Thomas Proslier
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

17. Functionalizing Incom samples
ALD Group: Jeff Elam, Anil Mane, Qing Peng, Thomas Proslier
(ANL:ESD/HEP), Neal Sullivan (Arradiance), Anton Tremsin (Arradiance, SSL)
ALD film
Cross-sectional EDAZ of JE1401a
ALD ZnO and AL203 extend into pores
Sputtered Au only on edge of pores
SEM from Middle of JE1401a
100 nm ALD film visible in middle of MCP
Jeff Elam, Thomas Proslier (ESD)
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

18. ALD-Functionalized substrates
Picture is seam between blocks
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Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier (ESD)
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

19. MCP and Photocathode Testing
Testing Group: Bernhard Adams, Matthieu Cholet, and Matt Wetstein at the APS, Ossy Siegmund’s group at SSL
N. B.!
LAPPD Preliminary
(very)
First measurements of gain in an ALD SEE layer at the APS laser test setup (Bernhard Adams, Matthieu Cholet, and Matt Wetstein)
11/13/2018

20. Characterization of Secondary Emission, Photo-Emission of Materials
Characterization Group: Igor Veryovkin, Thomas Proslier, Alexander Zinovev (MSD), postdoc (meets biweekly, joint with photocathode group- perhaps ALD gp too in the future.)
Constructing dedicated setup for low-energy SEE and PE measurements of ALD materials- parts on order. (will see on tour in Bld 200) Goal is systematic exploration of best SEE materials
Has parts-per-trillion capability for characterizing photocathodes after exposure to Argon, MCP’s before&after scrubbing, aging Goal is to avoid having to scrub, aging- it is essential to measure and understand the surface chemistry.
Planning interfaces to SSL, APS vacuum systems, common sample database
Has close ties/overlap with ALD and testing groups
11/13/2018

21. Photocathode Group
Photocathode Group: Klaus Attenkofer(APS), Sharon Jelinsky(SSL), Jason McPhate(SSL), Mike Pellin (MSD), Ossy Siegmund (SSL), Thomas Proslier(MSD), Zikri Yusof(HEP), postdoc (meets biweekly, joint with characterization group)
Work is going on on multiple fronts- the photo-cathode is probably the most complex area we are dealing with.
Bialkali photocathodes are not hard to make, have good QE and a spectral response well matched to water cherenkov counters and most optical applications. We (will) have a strong effort on them at SSL, which has the experience and a long track record. This will ensure having a solution as good as typical commercial tubes.
At the same time, there is a strong case to be made that there can be substantial improvements in QE (see Townsend’s paper), spectral matching, and possibly chemical robustness. In addition, MCP’s may allow reflection rather than transmission cathodes, with big gains in speed (sub-psec) and QE.
There may be new ideas based on ALD, e.g., (see Mike Pellin’s, Greg Engel’s talks at Photocathode workshop) that are feasible and disruptive. We are reaching out to university groups to access high-end facilities and young talent- UIUC, UIC, and WashU.
11/13/2018
(Yes, risky, but high payoff- if not us, who? see Chu, Koonin)
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

22. Sharon Jelinsky(SSL), Jason McPhate(SSL), Ossy Siegmund (SSL),
SSL Photocathode Group
Sharon Jelinsky(SSL), Jason McPhate(SSL), Ossy Siegmund (SSL),
Sealed tubes with up to 5” format have been processed with multialkali photocathodes
MCPs and delay line readout
From Ossy Siegmund’s talk at the First Photocathode Workshop, July 20-21, Univ. of Chicago/ANL
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

23. MCP Simulation- use to make informed decisions on materials, geometry, field,…
Simulation Group: Zikri Yusov, Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc), Sergey Antipov (HEP), Zeke Insepov (MCSD) , Anton Tremsin (SSL/Arradiance ), Neal Sullivan (Arradiance)

24. MCP Simulation Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

25. MCP Simulation Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

26. MCP Simulation Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc)
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

27. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC
Electronics Group: Jean-Francois Genat, Gary Varner, Mircea Bogdan, Michael Baumer, Michael Cooney, Zhongtian Dai, Herve Grabas, Mary Heintz, James Kennedy, Sam Meehan, Kurtis Nishimura, Eric Oberla, Larry Ruckman, Fukun Tang (meets weekly)
First have to understand signal and noise in the frequency domain
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

28. Front-end Electronics
Resolution depends on 3 parameters: Number of PhotoElectrons, Analog Bandwidth, and Signal-to-Noise
See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF
arXiv: v1 (Oct. 2008)- now published in Nucl. Instr. Meth.
Wave-form sampling is best, and can be implemented in low-power widely available CMOS processes (e.g. IBM 8RF). Low cost per channel.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

29. Front-end Electronics/Readout Waveform sampling ASIC prototype
Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

30. First 0.13micron ASIC due back Oct. 20
The chip submitted to MOSIS -- IBM 8RF (0.13 micron CMOS)- 4-channel prototype. Plan on 16 channels/chip- possibly 32 later (??).
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

31. Get position AND time Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang)
Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time
Cover large areas with much reduced channel account.
US Patent
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

32. Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board
Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg Sellberg, Fermilab).
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

33. Comparison of measurements (Ed May and Jean-Francois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)
Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match velocity and time/space resolution very well

34. Scaling Performance to Large Area Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang)
48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz bandwidth- still better than present electronics.
KEY POINT- READOUT FOR A 4-FOOT-WIDE DETECTOR IS THE SAME AS FOR A LITTLE ONE- HAS POTENTIAL…
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

35. ANL Test-stand Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev
Sample both ends of transmission line with Photonis MCP (not optimum)
2 picoseconds; 100 microns measured
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

36. Test Fixture for integration of ASIC and transmission-line anode being designed
``Both parts are completely routed and ready for submission after pinout check etc.”
Test fixture for OptionE glass anode interface to first proto-type sampling ASIC – test bandwidth, reflections, cross-talk.
Illustration of how we operate- close Hawaii/UC collaboration on ASIC, system design. Larry Ruckman (Hawaii)- From our electronics blog (open to all- go to
11/13/2018

37. Mechanical Assembly Ongoing work on:
Mechanical Group: Dean Walters (NE), Rich Northrop (UC), Henry Frisch (UC), Michael Minot (Minotech Eng.), Greg Sellberg (Fermilab) Ossy Siegmund (SSL), Anton Tremsin (SSL/Arradiance), R. Wagner (HEP)+0.5postdoc, Sam Asare (UC), Rahul Barwhani (UCB)
Group meets weekly
Ongoing work on:
Sealing- tray options A,C,E; window seal
Anode fabrication, testing
Sealed-tube considerations- outgassing, getters, surface-physicsAssembly-
Vacuum assembly/Alternatives
Cost (a driver for everything)
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

38. Cartoon of the `Frugal’ MCP
Put all ingredients together- flat glass case (think TV’s), capillary/ALD amplification, transmission line anodes, waveform sampling
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

39. In principle, can dial size for occupancy, resolution- e. g
In principle, can dial size for occupancy, resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’
This is not what we will do first….
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

40. Mechanical Assembly 8” proto-type stack Design sketch
8” proto-type mock-up
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

41. Mechanical Assembly
Luckily we have access to the world’s most sophisticated test facilities at Argonne and UC
8” proto-type- stresses
Lead bricks
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

42. Moreover, we have Ossy and his group
This talk has focused on Argonne- however we are lucky to have Ossy Siegmund’s group at SSL working in parallel (on a subcontract- still trying to get him the funds!!) on using his proven technologies to make bialkali photocathodes and ceramic-body MCP’s.
Ossy has a wealth of knowledge and experience, and brings a healthy skepticism to our trying to be faster, better and cheaper (`pick any 3’ is the old engineering adage, pace Dan Goldberg).
In parallel we are trying to develop what Paul Horn (IBM) calls a `disruptive technology’-higher risk, but high payoff. Cheap glass envelope/anode , possibly pure gas assembly, mass production with no burn-in.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

43. Administration Transparency/Dissemination
Administration Group: Karen Byrum (co-PI), Henry Frisch (co-PI), Bob Wagner (Project Physicist), Dean Walters (Project Engineer)
Weekly all-subgroup meeting (Tues at 10 am)
Web site has Blogs used for weekly meeting- open to the world. Has played a significant role in interfacing to small technical companies (both reassuring and also interesting them). See
Web site has Library of our talks, papers, internal notes, documents, backup materials,etc,- again, goal is to be transparent and accountable.
We have been running >= 2 workshops/year, 1 in Chicago, 1 in France. Very influential on a wide community-we benefit from contacts
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

44. Internal Review Panels
(open to additional suggestions).
Introduced on CDF- worked very very well.
11/13/2018
DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

45. First Collaboration Meeting
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

46. First Year Milestones
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

47. Challenges and Surprises (Places we need help) (note: this is personal list from HJF with UC/EFI hat on- not a criticism of ANL- on the contrary, I’m blown away by the breadth, depth, and quality at ANL)
SSL, Hawaii, UC, Arradiance, Minotech, Muons,Inc, Synkera have not gotten a single dime yet. Folks are working, but not getting paid- purchase orders are waiting. (systemic problem- not a complaint about personnel or any office). We had not counted on it’s being Oct. or later to start. Ossy’s operation on photocathodes and ceramic-based anodes is the biggest schedule risk.
We had thought we would have access to a fully functioning glass shop at ANL. Being worked on by management, but delay and risk in schedule. Alternatives in local industries being developed, but in-house is much more flexible and effective for R&D.
Subcontracts cost a 15% overhead bite right off the top. Ossy’s budget in particular got hit by an 84K$ cut. Perhaps in later years one could go directly to SSL? (can this be made up in some way?)

48. The End-
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009

49. BACKUP
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DOE Site Visit Sept. 23, 2009